The 5 Principles of Adult Learning Pioneered by Malcolm Knowles

Teaching adults often looks very different from teaching children. Adult educators can make assumptions of their adult students that they would not make of children because adults have had vastly different life experiences and come with their own unique sets of background knowledge. Andragogy, or the practice of teaching adults, studies the best methods and approaches for effective adult education. Malcolm Knowles Five Principles of Andragogy Those teaching adults should understand and practice the five principles of andragogy espoused by Malcolm Knowles, a pioneer in the study of adult learning. Knowles posited that adults learn best under the following circumstances: The learning is self-directed.The learning is experiential and utilizes background knowledge.The learning is relevant to current roles.The instruction is problem-centered.The students are motivated to learn. By incorporating these five principles of andragogy into instruction, adult educators and learners alike will experience greater success in the classroom. Self-Directed Learning One of the most important differences between teaching children and teaching adults is the self-concept of adult learners. While young students tend to be dependent on their teachers to guide their learning and provide opportunities for application, adult learners are the opposite. Adult learners are usually mature and self-confident enough to know how they learn best, what their areas of strength and weakness are, and how to go about learning. They dont require much help acquiring resources or developing goals for learning because, in most cases, they have done this before and already have reasons for being in school again. Adult educators need to grant their students plenty of space and be there to support rather than guide. Another benefit of self-directed learning is that students can design their studies around their preferred learning style—visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Visual learners rely on pictures. They benefit from the use of graphs, diagrams, and illustrations. They learn best when they are shown what to do or what something looks like. Auditory learners listen carefully when they are learning and draw the majority of new knowledge through their ears. Things make the most sense to them when they are told how something should be. Tactile or kinesthetic learners need to physically do something to understand it. By performing something for themselves through a degree of trial and error, these learners will experience the most success. Using Experiences as a Resource Adult educators need to utilize each set of background knowledge in their classroom as a resource. No matter how old your adult learners are or what type of life they have led thus far, every one of your students will have acquired an extensive cache of experiences that you can draw on to make the most of what everyone brings to the table. Rather than behaving as if the classroom should be a level playing field and ignoring irregular stores of background knowledge, use them to enrich instruction. Your students could be coming from vastly different walks of life. Some will be experts in an area that your whole class could benefit from learning about or will have experienced something very unfamiliar to the rest of your students. The moments of authenticity and spontaneity that come from sharing with each other will prove to be some of the most powerful. Tap into the wealth of wisdom of your class as much as possible. Relevance of Material Adult students are most likely to want to learn about subjects that will have immediate pay-offs in their life, especially as it pertains to their social roles. As adults start to navigate marriage, parenthood, career positions, and other complex roles, they begin to orient themselves exclusively to them. Adults have little use for material that is not relevant to the roles they already occupy and this is another reason for allowing students to play a part in designing their own curriculum. For example, some of your learners will want to learn about career advancement, but some, perhaps retirees or stay-at-home parents, will not need this information. The job of adult educators is to get to know students well enough to be able to teach to their roles. Always keep in mind that your older students are there to accomplish something and probably have busy lives. The goal of adult education is to fit the needs of your students, who are more often than not opting to be there because they identified an area of need for themselves—ask and listen to them about what they want from this experience. Problem-Centered Instruction Adult learners do not desire to learn about material that doesnt fit into their lives and they do not usually want their learning to be abstract either. Adults are practiced, knowledgeable, and flexible learners that have a lot of problems to solve. Unlike young students, they do not usually need long to think about unfamiliar subjects before trying a skill out for themselves because they exercise their problem-solving skills every day and learn more each time. Adult educators need to tailor their instruction to specific problems that their students face rather than approaching their teaching one subject at a time. Andragogy is about spending more time doing than learning and the quality of instruction is much more important than topic coverage. Motivation to Learn â€Å"When the student is ready, the teacher appears† is a Buddhist proverb that applies well to all areas of education. No matter how hard a teacher tries, learning only begins once a student is ready. For most adults, returning to school after several years can be intimidating and a certain degree of apprehension should be expected in adult learners. Getting past the initial uneasiness of adult learners can be a challenge. However, many adult educators find that their students are eager to grow their knowledge. Adults that have chosen to go back to school are probably already motivated to learn or would not have made the choice to continue their education. The teachers role in these cases is simply to encourage this motivation and help your students maintain positivity toward learning so they can move past any discomfort they may feel about their situation. Listen carefully for teaching moments and take advantage of them. When a student says or does something that cues a new topic, be flexible and discuss it, even briefly, to show your students that their interests are important.

In Cold Blood Nature vs Nurture Essay - 885 Words

In Truman Capote’s famous non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood, there is evidence that supports the injustices of the trial: death penalty. The final outcome of the trail was never to be any different than death. â€Å"Of all the people in all the world, the Clutters were the least likely to be murdered† (Capote 85). We know the two men who killed the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Bill Hickock, preplanned the crime with malice and forethought. Although the actions were crul and grusome, does Death Row fit what they did if their pasts, childhood environments and situation, are bad. Capote shows the effect of childhood on the killers and if the death penalty is fair. Capote gives the killers a voice to show their humanity by giving childhood†¦show more content†¦If the juror had had this incite would they have sentenced Smith and Hickock to death? Perry Smith came from a very dysfunctional family. Growing up Perry was never taught right from wrong. His parents divo rced after years of domestic violence, his mother became an alcoholic. Due to the stresses at home he is a cronique run-away. He was â€Å"in and out of detention homes many times† (277); an orphanage. The cottage mistress severely beats and humiliates Smith for wetting the bed. During Smith’s teen years two of his sibling’s committed suicide, and the surviving sibling refusing to interact with him. Smith was angry, conflicted, and scarred by years of abuse. Taking the opportunities his adulthood gave him to act out against the world that hurt him. Dick Hickock had an excellent family, but they did struggle with finances. He was an outstanding athlete and a good student. Dick was â€Å"An outstanding athlete-always on the first team at school. Basketball! Baseball! Football! Dick was always the star player. A pretty good student, too, with A marks in several subjects†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Capote 166).â€Å"I think the main reason I went there (the Clutter home) was n ot to rob them but to rape the girl† (Capote 278). In the ongoing debate about whether nature or nurture is the primary force shaping a person’s character, Capote comes down firmly on the side of nurture and environment in his book In Cold Blood. Was Capote trying to justifyShow MoreRelatedTruman Capote -In Cold Blood - Nature vs Nurture1274 Words   |  6 Pagesryan hegarty In Cold Blood. Question 2 â€Å"Nature vs Nurture† Truman Capote’s acclaimed â€Å"non-fiction† novel, In Cold Blood explores the concept as to whether killers are born or made, following the brutal murders of the Clutter family in rural Kansas. Capote develops Perry Smith’s horrid, unfortunate upbringing as a key narrative device which serves to illustrate the effect of childhood experiences on adult behaviour. Capote manipulates the reader’s idea of morality, controversially portraying PerryRead MoreNature vs. Nurture in in Cold Blood Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Ones Environment in In Cold Blood On November 15, 1959, in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas, a family of four was brutally murdered by shotgun blasts only a few inches from their faces. The protagonist of the story, Perry Smith, a man with a troubled past, is the one responsible for committing these murders. In framing the question nature versus nurture, Capote’s powerfully written account of the Clutter family killings asks whether a man alone can be held responsible for his actionsRead MoreNature vs Nurture in Truman Capote’s Novel, In Cold Blood Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Mulcaster, a British instructor of English, once wrote, â€Å"Nature makes the boy toward, nurture sees him forward.† Mulcaster recognizes that both genetic and environmental factors determine the type of a person one becomes. Truman Capote’s nonfiction novel, In Cold Blood gives the reader an opportunity to see prime examples of how nature and nurture influence one’s character. Capote’s n ovel, In Cold Blood introduces the reader to two men; Richard Eugene Hickock known as Dick throughout theRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traitsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Nurture Essay Throughout many years, scientists have been debating about whether nature or nurture is the driving force that shapes a person’s cognitive abilities and personal traits. Before the ongoing debate can be explained, it is necessary to understand what nature and nurture actually are. Nature is loosely defined as the genetics one inherits and tendencies that influence development. Many things in an individual are hereditary, for instance; gender, disease, height, eye color,Read MoreThe Murder Of The Clutter Family1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthe course of six years bringing this narrative together, Capote began taking drugs and drinking heavily due to the dark nature of the book. Truman Capote tells the true story of a family murdered in In Cold Blood, through character analysis and symbolism to prove nature is a stronger force than nature in shaping a person’s character. Capote expresses his idea of nature vs. nurture in Dick Hickock and Perry Smith and whether killers are born or made. With this in mind, he writes, â€Å"Dick became convincedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate ove r which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreThe Film Mind Of A Rampage Killer1475 Words   |  6 Pageshighlighting a mix of nature and nurture ranging from neurologists from Harvard studying brain patterns affected by genetics, to psychologists studying maternal care and attachment during infancy. For example, the documentary presents the discussion of research studying rats which suggests that baby rats that were frequently licked by their mother grew up to be calmer and gentler. Yet, if their mother was more distant in the babies’ infancy, the rats were observed as having higher blood pressure and higherRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1360 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture Nature versus nurture is a complicated subject to speak about. If one’s abilities or lack of are due to their environment or their genes. For example, a child is behaving negatively in class. Many individuals are quick to jump to the conclusion that â€Å"Oh, that kid’s parents don’t care, or just don’t know how to raise their child.† That could very well be a possibility, but most people never think that maybe they have a hereditary problem, such as ADHD, that was passed

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case Free Essays

The sudden increase of the production complexity, in seat volumes and variations, made some evident flaws in the production capabilities of Toyota’s Georgetown production plant. The root problem TMM facing is lack of coordination and planning within the companies’ departments as well with its supplier KFS. For the supplier KFS, TMM didn’t assess their practical production capacity before launching new models. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the sudden change of production volume due to new modifications caused a series of problems in supply quality and timing. The frequent change of demand from TMM made KFS hard to respond and fulfill the orders. As the quality issue of seats occurred, it indicated that KFS was not ready to produce the new model seats with a high volume and to meet demand of variations. The JIT production strategy doesn’t allow supply issues, but in practice, TMM left the vehicles with problematic seats instead of shutting down the production line to avoid high cost, which against traditional TPS. As a result, a greater negative impact on the production line was created, such as more vehicles without seats stuck at overflow area. Additional to the supply issues, the workers in the Georgetown plant were not well trained for assembling new models as well. When they found defective parts, TMM failed to follow up the solutions of such problems; delay in response also made the same problems to occur frequently. On the other hand, overtime became another issue due to low quality work. In the long run, our recommendation to TMM is to setup a cross functional team in order to manage the projects related to the production of new vehicle models. Doing so will lead TMM to a better communication along the different departments and with its suppliers as well. Sharing forecasts and design of future parts in advance with suppliers will improve the production efficiency. Cooperation in design with the supplier will decrease the defective rate in parts production such as the car seats. It is also highly recommended to build up an in-house training program to coach workers to assemble new models appropriately. Workers will be more capable to solve the problem by themselves after training. TMM needs to go back to the TPS and try to solve problems on the line instead of leaving them away. In the short run, TMM should give more time to KFS to fulfill the order, and when the problem occurred, it is better for them to solve together. Reviewing and tracing the problematic parts are necessary; the new team should focus on the complaints from bottom workers, and then give the information back to suppliers (KFS) as soon as possible. In this way, it is much easier to ensure the quality of new arrival parts and in case of the same problem occur again. How to cite Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case, Papers

Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: The current study aims to discuss the various aspects of the application of the mobile technology in the field of the supply chain management. All the advantages and challenges of the mobile technology, which is being applied in the supply chain management is being discussed along with the ways that can be adopted to implement the latest mobile technology in the supply chain management. A case study of the study of Wal-Mart Company is also mentioned in the report, which helps to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the application of the mobile technology in the supply chain management. It is essential for a company to have proper infrastructure, which is needed to imply the mobile technology in their respective supply chain management. The proper methods and guidelines, which is needed to apply the mobile based technology in the supply chain management is also discussed in this report. Mobile technology in Supply Chain Management: The supply chain management is one of the key areas of business, which needs to be improved for faster delivery of goods and services. The private business organizations need to improve the performance of the supply chain management for better output yields. It is essential to have better operational and strategy management, of the supply chain management with the help of the latest mobile technology. According to Stadtler (2015), the mobile phone technology is one of the main elements, which is implemented to improve the performance of the supply chain management of the company. Heizer and Barry (2013), have mentioned the importance of integration of the supply chain management that will help to improve the performance of the business. There also need to strong connection within the elements of the supply chain management, which help in the process of coordination and also help to monitor the movement of the products and also track the exact location. According to Brandenburg et al., (2014), there are main eight steps, which are involved in the process of supply chain management. These steps are processed by the Global Supply Chain Forum and include the following steps: Management of the customer relationship Management of customer service management Management of Demand Fulfillment of Order Management of flow of manufacture Procurement Commercialization and Development of product Returns With the application of the mobile based technology it is possible to improve the performance and pace, which is involved in all the process supply chain management. The use of the technology will also help to reduce the cost process, which is involved in the entire process of supply chain operation (Talk, 2016). It is also possible for the company to maintain a good level of relationship with all the clients and therefore helps to improve the satisfaction level. Figure 1: Supply Chain Management (Source: Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani, 2016) Objective The objective of the mobile based technology in the operation of the supply chain management will help in the process of reduce the time of delivery and also the cost involved in the process of operations supply chain. It also aims at providing fast and accurate information necessary for the operation process. Figure 2: Objective of Supply Chain Management (Source: Greiner, 2015) Benefits of mobile technology in supply chain management The involvement of the mobile technology in the logistics and the supply chain management has become widely popular in all forms of business in the modern days. According to Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani (2016), the resource of the mobile technology has helped to improve the integration process of the steps, which is involved in the supply chain management. This process of integration of the mobile phone technology will help in the operation process of the supply chain management. All the major business organizations are highly dependent on the use of the mobile technology for the performance of the supply chain management. The major benefits of the mobile technology within the supply and the logistics chain management have helped to reduce the cost and also improve the flow of the product movement. The functionality of the mobile device has also been enhanced due to the improvement of the internet and GPS service. The coverage of the mobile data service also have been widen with the help of the better bandwidth and broadband speed. The availability of the internet service also has been increased in the many remote and local areas. With the help of better internet and bandwidth service, it is possible to track the movement and the exact location of the product. The customer relationship management, which is one of the key elements of the supply chain management. With the help of better tracking and implementation of the mobile technology, it is possible improve the interaction of the between the back-ends of an organization (Greiner, 2015). The management of the schedule and routing process of the movement of the product can be monitored with the help of the application of the mobile technology. The use of the mobile PCs can help to improve the functionality of the business process and also help them to overcome the limitations, which exists in the operation management of the organization. The use of the mobile PCs can also help to make full use of the GPS navigation system, and thereby make accurate track and movement of the companys vehicle. This will help the managers of the supply and logistics department to make plan for the route of movement of the products. This will help to improve the technical ability of the logistics department and also ensure that the response time of action is faster in case of emergency and crisis like situation. Hazen et al.,(2014), have mentioned about the storing of the information, which can be achieved with the help of application of mobile technology and mobile PCs. The detail information regarding the movement of the product can also be stored and be used to for future reference. The information related to the inventory of the product is stored immediately after its delivery to the respective clients. The executive of the business organization can get the view of the real-time operation related of the use of the supply chain management. This helps them to get the idea rated to the statics of the company and thereby make necessary changes in the long-term planning process. The level of accuracy of the supply chain management can also be improved by making better planning access. They can also prioritize the tasks related to the level of urgency and also make necessary changes to reduce the time of delivery of the products. Hsu et al., (2013), have mentioned with the help of the application of the mobile technology, it is possible to monitor the statics related to the supply chain from any palace. Hence, the managers can track the movement even after leaving the office workplace. This helps them in the process of making quick and effective decisions and thereby reduces the time of the delivery as all the related issues can be resolved in short span of time. Challenges and of Mobile technology and supply chain management With the help of the mobile technology in supply chain management it is possible improve the reputation of the business. According to Gilmour (2013), the lack of basic level of knowledge within the operational management of an organization, is one of the major barriers and challenges in the process of implementation. There is also the risks, inaccuracy and wrong information, which is involved in the process of mobile data application. The integration process and mobile technology and supply chain department may not be economically helpful for the small and medium scale business firms. Moreover, the lack of collaboration between all the departments of the company can also help to reduce the scale at which, the process of mobile technology is implemented within the supply chain management. Schnsleben (2016), have added the lack of collaboration with the suppliers and malfunction within the distribution system of the company is also one of the major barriers faced by a company. There are also several technical challenges, which are involved in the process software support implementation. This is a major challenge for the older style of business, which is highly dependent on the manual process. According to Jacobs, Chase and Lummus (2014), more than 51% of the large scale companies all across the world have included the application of the mobile based technology as one of the major elements of the Enterprise Resource Planning process. The rate of successful of the integration process of the mobile technology in the Enterprise planning process is merely 33%, which includes the use of mobile PCs in the supply chain department. There is also the risk of failure, while applying change in the supply chain management. The lack of skills within the workers and level of motivation are also few of the main reasons for the cause of failure in the implementation process (Ross, 2016). The challenge faced is also faced during the time of investment at the supply chain management. The risk of financial loss is also one of the major areas of concern at this case. In the rural and the remote areas, the lack of proper technological infrastructure is also one of the major areas of challenges faced by all the major companies. Even after the proper implementation of the mobile technology there are following challenges faced by a company: Decrease in the level of income Reduce of the market share and disadvantage in the competitive market due to the complication involved in the operation management process. The failure of the application of the technology will cause failure in the overall process of the supply chain and thereby the product will be failed to reach the destination. The implementation process can raise the level of expectation of the customers as they expect to get faster delivery of the products. Hence, there is a risk of lowering the level of customer satisfaction (Ellram Cooper, 2014). The failure of the operation of the information system will involve the risks of spreading of false and inaccurate information related to the tracking system. Ways to apply mobile technology in the supply Chain Management Li (2013), has suggested the use of Mobile Resource Management for proper implementation of the process of mobile technology in the supply chain management. The mobile resource management helps to manage the challenges faced by all the major companies to deal with the challenges in the technological infrastructure. Few of the major steps involved in the process of mobile resource management to deal with the elements of supply chain management. Hardware implementation: These steps involve gathering all the major hardware components needed for the implementation process of mobile PC technology. Connectivity: This is the second most important part of the implication of the mobile technology. The internet connectivity is essential for communication and gathering information for the process of supply chain management. Data Server: The companies need to use proper data server, which will help in the connectivity with the internet. The companies can also use the personal server, which will help to get higher bandwidth speed. GIS data: The Geographic Information Data can be used to process data and ensure that the GPS navigation system can work perfectly to track precise location of the data related to the supply chain management. Decision making and Reporting Software: The decision making process in the implementation process needs to be effective, which will help to deal with changes that occurs after the implementation process of mobile technology. On the other hand, the reporting software will help to gather information related to the supply chain management. With the help of correct and accurate information, it is possible make precise decision related to the investment need in the mobile technology application (Adams et al., 2014). Exploring the Impact of radio frequency identification (RFID) in Supply chain of Wal-Mart According to Fernie and Sparks (2014), the RFID technology has the potential to improve the performance of the supply chain management by improving the tracking efficiency and speed of product delivery. The implementation of RFID in the delivery system of Wal-Mart has reported to improve the service at the inventory level by 70%. The supply service also improved by 96 to 99% as the cost of the supply chain has been reduced. The government of the United Sates has invested $1 billion in the implementation of the infrastructure involved in the process of RFID. The Wal-Mart is considered to be one of the major pioneers, who are involved in the process of implementation of the RFID technology and in the year of 2005, the company has implemented the this technology while making negations with first 100 suppliers of the company. The success of the RFID technology has resulted accelerated growth of the supply chain. There was nearly 10% reduction in the total numbers of manual orders after t he implementation of the RFID in the supply chain process. The output stocks of Wal-Mart also reduced by 16% after the successful adaptation of RFID technology. The stocks of the retail stores were also replenished three times faster compared to that of the previous times. The lead time also were reduced with the help of this technology, which has helped in the faster delivery of the products by 15%. The management of Wal-Mart can share the information related to the supply chain with the stakeholders and ensure that they have the authority to make sure that they maintain clarity and thereby improve upon the trustworthy level. The suppliers of the Wal-Mart can also use the information in the RFID in making the decisions related to the supply chain management. Nevertheless, the use of the RFID technology has its limitations and drawbacks due to the lack of proper funding in the mobile technology department. Wal-Mart and all other major companies prefer to use this technology in the form of pilot project which will help them to measure the cost-effective ratio of the implementation of the project. Infrastructure for Information technology The information technologys application in the supply chain depends on the level of infrastructure, which is being provided. The electronic supply chain receives the data required in the process with the help of the latest digital technology. The high level of infrastructure is required to deliver the products as well as to update the information needed for operational management of the supply chain. The synchronization of the payment and the billing information is also an important part of the electronic based supply chain. According to Hofmann et al., (2014), an array of reliable and compatible software is needed to support the hardware components of the supply chain management. Data Security With the rise in the total number of cybercrimes, the data security has been one of the major areas of concern for the supply chain management. It is essential that the sensitive information, which has been passed through the use of the mobile based technology, gets high level of security. The appropriate security measures need to be used by the supply chain experts in order to deal with the increased number of cyber theft in the present days. The high level of security calls, virus protection and firewalls are applied in order to ensure high level of security. Strategy The strategy for the implication of mobile technology in the supply chain needs to be implemented based on the challenges faced by an organization. The main strategy of the business organization involves reduction of the cost, which is involved in the supply chain and also improves upon the level of customer satisfaction and relation. With the help of the appropriate strategy it is possible to create new opportunities for the business by expanding the market share. Considerations The investment in the application of mobile technology in the supply chain department may not produce immediate returns. However, in the long-term planning process, it is possible to overcome all the major challenges, which are involved in the process of integration of IT and supply chain management (Qrunfle Tarafdar, 2014). However, it is essential for all business organization to consider the importance of the use of mobile technology in the supply chain department. Conclusion The use of the mobile technology is one of the significant parts of the supply chain management during the present times. The major benefit of the application is reduction of cost and time, which is involved in the supply chain and therefore helps in the faster mode of delivery. Hence, the lead time involved in the delivery of a product can be reduced. It is also possible to exactly the track the location of the products, and get accurate information. The lack of proper IT infrastructure is one of the major challenges faced by the business organization in the implementation of mobile technology. There is also lot of capital required in the process of implementation and the risks of the failure can decrease the reputation of an organization. It is essential for all the companies to adopt proper measures to ensure that all the major process for the application of the mobile technology is executed in the proper manner. Wal-Mart has been successfully imply the RFID technology in the supply chain department and is one of the leading examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the mobile technology. It is essential for all the major business organization to follow the proper steps involved in the process implementation of mobile technology in the supply chain, which involves setting up the required along with providing proper data security system. References Adams, F. G., Richey, R. G., Autry, C. W., Morgan, T. R., Gabler, C. B. (2014). Supply chain collaboration, integration, and relational technology: how complex operant resources increase performance outcomes.Journal of Business Logistics,35(4), 299-317. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Ellram, L. M., Cooper, M. C. (2014). Supply chain management: It's all about the journey, not the destination.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 8-20. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Gilmour, P. (2013). Benchmarking supply chain operations.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Greiner, M. (2015).Automotive Supply Chain Management in the Internet of Things. GRIN Verlag. Hazen, B. T., Boone, C. A., Ezell, J. D., Jones-Farmer, L. A. (2014). Data quality for data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: An introduction to the problem and suggestions for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,154, 72-80. Heizer, R., Barry, R. (2013).Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Hofmann, H., Busse, C., Bode, C., Henke, M. (2014). Sustainability?related supply chain risks: conceptualization and management.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(3), 160-172. Hsu, C. W., Kuo, T. C., Chen, S. H., Hu, A. H. (2013).Using DEMATEL to develop a carbon management model of supplier selection in green supply chain management.Journal of cleaner production,56, 164-172. Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., Lummus, R. R. (2014).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Education. Li, L. (2013). Technology designed to combat fakes in the global supply chain.Business Horizons,56(2), 167-177. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Lalwani, C. L. (2016).Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Qrunfleh, S., Tarafdar, M. (2014). Supply chain information systems strategy: Impacts on supply chain performance and firm performance.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 340-350. Ross, D. F. (2016).Introduction to supply chain management technologies.CRC Press. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Talk, O. M. (2016). Operations management. Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: This report is about the role of technology and information in the supply chain management of the organization. The mobile technologies and the supply chain management play a very vital role in the success of the organization because it will help to provide the best ways of checking the stock delivered and to find out the best resource available. As we know in todays world the people and the organizations are greatly relied on the computers and software to run their business successfully. Many of the companies are implementing mobile technologies to improve the organizational operations and to increase the response of the customers. In the current report, I will be identifying the issues and the impact of the peoples digital supply chain management. The information technology is adopted by the companies on a very large scale. The main objectives of this report are as described below in some points: - To explain the role of technology in supply chain management and its impact on SCM Mobile technologies in Supply chain Management Impact of mobile technologies on the supply chain and organization operations. This report will cover all the important aspects like the initiatives taken by the IT and their implementation, Impact and challenges of mobile technology on the SCM. The technology has positive as well negative impacts on the business operations. Supply Chain Management A successful supply chain management is very important for the companies to make a different position in the market. The supply chain Management is the process of gaining advantage by making new position in the market in the world of competition. It is very important to understand the concept of supply chain management. The supply chain management is defined by the council of professionals as the process of planning and managing all the operations related to the sourcing and supplying of stock and the activities related to logistics. In simple words, the supply chain management refers to the process of controlling the flow of raw materials from the suppliers to the end users. Information is the key part, on the basis of which the supply chain managers take decisions. The main objective of IT is to provide the information and enables the supply chain partners collaboration and coordination. The decision support is the key role of technology in supply chain management as it contains to ols used to gain and analyze the information to improve the working of the supply chain. Managers must understand how to analyze and use that information because technology consists of hardware and software (Paulraj Paulraj, 2009). The functional roles of technology in Supply chain are divided into 3 parts which are: Transaction execution, Collaboration and coordination and Decision support. Transaction execution is done with the help of knowledge and information between the partners of supply chain though the cost effective flow of information. The collaboration and coordination among the partners is very important and possible because of the sharing of accurate information. It acts as a support to decisions because the analytical skills or powers of the electronic devices used to provide help to take all the important management decisions (Moharana, 2010). For Example, with the improvisation of mobile technology and evolution of various digital techniques, the art of recording has taken a shift. The documents that were earlier stored as heavy paper files and now stored as a PDF and word documents and find their places in peoples laptops, pen drives, hard disks and even their mobile phones. As we know that the model of supply chain involves customers, retailers, distributers, suppliers manufactures and service providers and sharing of the information among all these partners is important for the better performance of the supply chain. There are many initiatives taken by the IT in supply chain management and these initiatives are: Development of smart phones Modern business models Online Transaction on the phone Internet and web services (R.Nair Raju, 2008). Mobile technology and Supply Chain Management Mobile technology plays crucial role as it has changed the lifestyle of people and also make a difference in the everyday business and the mobile technology is used by all the modern business. The performance of business activities is improved because of the increase in the number of mobile phones in the world and internet access regardless of the location of the users. The business is being rapidly replaced by the electronic environment because of the continuous improvements in mobile technology. From the era of 2000, the mobile phone industry has drastically taken a 360 degree change and many new applications and software have been introduced and web interactivity has increased and has reached at a next level to make it convenient for people. It is very easy to access every website on our mobile phones and we dont have to go at every place to get our work done and we can do our transactions sitting at homes through our mobile phones. The advancement has taken place in all the aspects in the mobile industry. The mobile phones were very simple in older days and now they are completely functional and can be used for various purposes. They have become so handy and light. They have all the features which the computers or laptops have these days. In 1990, the innovation of 2G took place, but it did not gain popularity during that year, but in the year 2005, it gained tremendous publicity and then 3G came into a market which has become very important now a days. In 2010, almost 60% of smart phone users use the 3G network as it is fast and convenient. It has become important for faster business transactions and now the trend of 4G has arrived which will take a few more years to gain publicity and for wider usage. This has made communication very easier and every country is focusing on improving its networks and better smart phones so that they can support the latest internet connection. At that point of time it was the first real mobile phone though in todays world, there are a huge number of mobile phones. Initially, the mobile phones were only meant for business, but not very famous for private use, but now it has gained enormous publicity and its use for personal purposes has also been widened. A case study of Lewis using mobile Technology Lewis, who owns a mobile company takes his company to an altogether new level by using advanced technology. It is very essential for any organization, to cope up with the changing environment in order to survive in the market. The introduction of new mobile technology reduces the cost and improves the productivity. Lewis has expanded his business to the next level and has performed phenomenally. He started his business from scratch and grew his business into a chain of eleven retail stores. The first four shops were opened from scratch, but in January 2014, Lewis bought PhoneBits, a group of three outlets, which he intends to operate under the Azzaz brand. Lewis is planning to set his foot in European market and has decided to open a warehouse in East of England and support the business by adding the element of ecommerce. Lewis wants to do this with nominal additional overheads (UES Team, 2013). Lewis plans to add b2c eCommerce functionality in business in order to make the two IT sy stems of Azzaz and PhoneBits work in harmony. Traditional versus modern approach- The traditional approach includes a huge number of intermediaries which makes reaching the product from manufacturer to consumer very slow which leads to wastage of time and customers have to wait for quite some time which is proved frustrating for customers as per the surveys done. On the other side, modern approach has reduced the number of intermediaries which has reduced the time, which is generally consumed in the traditional approach. In the traditional approach of commerce, there are many intermediating people like wholesalers, distributors, retailers between manufacturer and consumer. In B2C approach, manufacturers are able to sell the products directly to customers. This system of reduction of business layering which is responsible for intermediary functions is known as Disintermediation. However, in the business owned by Lewis, he is not the manufacturer he is only a retailer so instead of involving other intermediaries, he can directly b uy the product from the manufacturers which will not add to the cost (Rigby, 2015). Online transactions - The online purchasing in todays era has proved very beneficial. Lewis has planned to add a tint of ecommerce to reduce the time spent by customers on visiting the stores in person. However, Lewis wants to make the system flawless and wants to address all the queries which they face while purchasing the product online. (Addo-Tenkorang Helo, 2011). Impact of Mobile Technology on Supply chain management This report explains how the mobile technology makes the supply chain management more efficient, customer focused and agile. To understand the supply chain management the Micheal porter introduced a model that focuses on the seven dimensions which are customers, production systems, suppliers, logistics, HR and information technology. There are many benefits as well as challenges faced by the organization while adapting the digital techniques. The implementation of technological innovation creates competitive advantage because of the improvement in costs, quality of product as well as the access to information. Digital customers: - The mobile has a great impact in understanding the needs of customers by offering them digital product and customer services. This is possible by generating the online shopping websites through which the buying behavior of the customers can be easily identified. Trend mining becomes very easy with this approach. The challenge faced by this is that there are still some of the people resides who are unaware about the technology so those customers needs cannot be identified (Kearney, 2015). Digital archives and record managements: - There is a need to record the information of day to day transactions. Hence, Azzaz has adopted database management system in order to avoid any overlapping. This system makes the information properly stored and organized so that it can be easily accessed by the people who want the information. The end users have the power to create, edit, modify and delete and update the data. The DBMS takes care of three important elements: the data, the database engine that helps the people to access the data, secure it and edit it and the third is database schema, which explains what the logical structure of the database is. Improves productivity: - The implementation of the digital tools helps to improve the productivity of the goods as the most of the small activities now can be performed electronically like managing the information and data, entering of data of stock, etc. are now easily done by the digital way as a result of which the production houses now can focus more on the quality of product without any burden. Development of Mobile technology leads to tracking of Staff: - The adoption of the mobile technologies helps in improving the performance of the staff members through the various training and development programs to motivate them by informing them about their performance and shortcoming. This is possible only because of the tracking of the workforce by adopting the technologies. In todays era, every second person owns mobile phones and most of them are smart phones which affects the news production as well as news consumption. Every mobile phone has features of videos, photos, etc. to capture the news and disseminate it. The mobile phones are used by public to capture the news and send it to the respective channels to scatter the news worldwide. People have started taking interest in sharing the news with the public at large. The sources explain different types of aspects in which news is produced using mobile phones. The people who are at the site accidently and who are amateur send the data which is raw in nature and not at all refined (Pfohl, Yahsi, Kurnaz, 2015). Decision Making Support: - The Mobile technology in supply chain management helps in taking the best decisions for the optimal outcomes or to achieve the goals of the organization. The decision in the supply chain management is totally dependent on the changing environment and use of mobile technology by the customers. Conclusion The report demonstrates mobile technology initiatives that are currently working in the organization like online transactions, mobile phones and Internet, etc. and these all techniques proved best for the largest organization as they help to reduce the cost, time, efforts. It is vital that the mobile technologies in Supply chain management should be adequately maintained and preserved. Thus, according to my point of view, Shopify is the best software for Azzaz since it has many suitable advantages with fewer disadvantages. These can be summarized. Shopify covers many features and will help Azzaz manage and launch an online store. It also doesn't require any technical or complicated coding skills to get started and the software will grow as Azzaz grows. This also covers one important facility that is offline sales with the Shopify POS system. Shopify also offers telephonic customer support service and that too 24*7 and also through email and live chat. As a result, the implementation of the innovative techniques in supply chain management has made our lives simpler cannot be denied. The similarity between the functioning of the two has made their management simpler. No doubt, with the advancement of technology, preserving ones data has become as simple as any other day to day act. References Addo-Tenkorang, R., Helo, P. (2011). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A Review Literature Report. WCECS. Retrieved from https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2011/WCECS2011_pp1126-1134.pdf Farahani, P., Meier, C. (2015, June). Digital Supply Chain Management 2020 Vision. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301350882_Digital_Supply_Chain_Management_2020_Vision Griffin-Cryan, M., Griffin-Cryan, B. (2011). Digital Transformation of Supply Chains: Creating Value When Digital Meets Physical. Capgemini Consulting. Retrieved from https://www.capgemini-consulting.com/resource-file-access/resource/pdf/Digital_Transformation_of_Supply_Chains.pdf Hanifan, G., Sharma, A., Newberry, C. (2008). The Digital Supply Network: A New Paradigm for Supply Chain Management. Retrieved from https://www.accenture.com/t20150708T025455__w__/fr-fr/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Local/fr-fr/PDF_5/Accenture-Digital-Supply-Network-New-Standard-Modern-Supply-Chain-Management.pdf Kearney, A. (2015). Digital Supply chains: Increasingly critical for competitive edge. WHU. Retrieved from https://www.atkearney.in/documents/10192/6500433/Digital+Supply+Chains.pdf/a12fffe7-a022-4ab3-a37c-b4fb986088f0 Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Rao, S. (2006). The impact of supplychain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. OMGA Journal, 107 124. Retrieved from https://mcu.edu.tw/~hyu/paper/4.pdf Martyn, P. (2015, June 23). Risky Business: Cybersecurity And Supply Chain Management. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulmartyn/2015/06/23/risky-business-cyber-security-and-supply-chain-management/#4d7c1081723b Mehta, L. (2017). Cyber Security Risk in Supply Chain Management. Retrieved from https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/cyber-security-in-supply-chain-management-part-1/#gref Moharana, H. (2010). Importance of IT for effective supply chain management. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 1(2), 747-751 . Retrieved from https://www.ijmer.com/papers/vol%201%20issue%202/BU012747751.pdf Moon, Y. (2007). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): a review of the literature. Syracuse University. Retrieved from https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007context=mae Paulraj, I., Paulraj, A. (2009). The role of Information Technology in Supply Chain Integration. Cleveland State University , Nance College of Business Administration . Retrieved from https://gebrc.nccu.edu.tw/proceedings/APDSI/2005/SessionIndex/Supply%20Chain%20Management%202/SCM-23.pdf Pfohl, H., Yahsi, B., Kurnaz, T. (2015). The Impact of Industry 4.0 on the Supply Chain. HICL. Retrieved from https://hicl.org/publications/2015/20/31.pdf R.Nair, P., Raju, V. (2008). Overview of Information Technology tools for Supply Chain Management. State University of New York. Retrieved from https://www.csi-india.org/document_library/Overview%20on%20Information%20Technology%20Tolls%20for%20Supply%20Chain%20Management3963.pdf Rigby, C. (2015, February 03). John Lewis Case Study. Retrieved from https://internetretailing.net/issue/iruk2015brand-and-engagement-report/iruk-500-2015-brand-report-john-lewis-case-study/ Smith, R., Smith, M., Oliva, T. (2000). The Role of the Internet in Supply Chain Management. Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/13cd/5062cc86f614a943d197e68c532748e4b4df.pdf UES Team. (2013). Azzaz and PhoneBits have different IT systems, and in addition to integrating the two parts of the business there is the need to add b2c eCommerce functionality. Retrieved from https://universityessayservices.com/blog/azzaz-phonebits-different-systems-addition-integrating-two-parts-business-need-add-b2c-ecommerce-functionality/ Zigiaris, S. (2000). Supply chain management: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques. Retrieved from https://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_supp_management.pdf

10 Analytical Essay Topics on Othello

10 Analytical Essay Topics on Othello Welcome to the first of our three guides on writing an analytical essay on Othello,   composed by the famous playwright, actor and poet William Shakespeare. Everyone knows Shakespeare as the greatest English writer of all time, and one of the world’s most prominent dramatists. But understanding Shakespeare’s plays can be quite a daunting task. However, you don’t have to worry since you’ve hit the jackpot! Shakespeare is known to be a playwright, who was always more influenced by the real-world rather than by abstract imaginations. The majority of his plays were based on tales, short stories and real events. Othello was no exception. This play was strongly influenced by Cinthio’s short-story â€Å"Un Capitano Moro.† In fact, all the characters had prototypes and were mentioned solely by their ranks and titles in the initial Italian version. Desdemona was the only hero whose name Shakespeare borrowed directly from Cinthio. Othello is the main character of this play. At the same time, if you have read this play not knowing its title you would suspect it is called â€Å"Iago†, because this secondary character surpasses Othello both in terms of dialogues and overall significance in the plot. Iago, the main villain of the story, had pronounced some of the most memorable lines in the history of drama, can still be heard in the everyday language of playwrights. He is also considered to be the most verbose character of the play. Othello was a pioneer play in shining a spotlight on the subject of interracial marriage as a mainstream entertainment of that time. In this matter, Shakespeare was ahead of his time, because the dilemma of interracial marriages has not been discussed for 350 years since then. â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner† play and movie was the first mass piece of art dedicated to the same topic in the modern history. Othello is a very complex, and subtly nuanced play. It describes the story of Othello, a valiant army general, his wife Desdemona, and his ensign (second lieutenant), Iago. Since Iago doesn’t get promoted to the rank of a lieutenant, which he desperately wanted, he plots a deceit that makes   Othello accept the idea of his wife, Desdemona,   being unfaithful to him.Due to the personal tragedy, Othello becomes desperate to escape from the pressure of this nightmare. These sufferings blind him and make him kill the love of his life. When he finds out that he was tricked into believing gossips about his wife having an affair, he commits suicide out of regret, shame and moral pain. Such ending has very strong allusions to the â€Å"Oedipus Rex† by Sophocles. Iago gets executed in the end of the play, which is remarkable for Shakespeare, who never pursued the idea of the immediate punishment for evil. Shakespeare was inspired by Cinthios Un Capitano Moro, and most of the story, along with some plot twists based on it. However, we find that there are some characters, such as Roderigo, not existing in Cinthios Un Capitano Moro. Othello became so popular and famous in the 1900s. Its first film version was made in 1909. The originally titled film, Othello was directed by Ugo Falena. It was filmed in Venice, which made â€Å"Othello,† the first Shakespeare play filmed in its actual location. Amazing sights, strong group of actors and Ugo Falena’s impeccable taste brought the film to the top of numerous charts and Shakespeare once again got his well-earned recognition. Othello was interpreted and turned into movies more than 20 times by relentless Hollywood. These include Stuart Burges 1965 and Oliver Parkers 1995 classic adaptations, as well as Tim Blake Nelsons eccentric â€Å"O† filmed in 2001. Othello, the tragic hero in the play of William Shakespeares Othello, comes from the name of an ancient Roman emperor, Otho, which means â€Å"wealth†. At the same time you shouldn’t take it for granted as it is only a speculation that’s been made by historians. Honesty is one of the words that is intensely repeated throughout the play, at least 52 times to be exact. It may be due to the fact that the whole play is about ‘honesty’ and how Desdemona was very faithful to her husband, while Othello suspected otherwise, because Iago’s cunning plan. Othello was first performed in Whitehall Palace 1604. According to the history of Othello’s premier, the play is said to be performed on the Halloween  day, November the 1st. The adaptation of the play, however, wasn’t adapted during the Restoration Period – whereas, most of Shakespeare’s plays were adapted in that era. These facts will surely come in handy when you’re about to write an analytical essay on the play. We’ve also included seven references from where we’ve gathered these facts. This will save a lot of your time as you can use these links to find more information on a specific topic. It will allow you to concentrate more on actually writing the essay. But before you start writing, we urge you to read our second guide, 20 Othello essay topics, first – where you’ll find relevant topics on Othello, along with a sample essay helpful in   avoiding   any confusion when composing your paper. Of course, we have also included a final guide on how to write a killer analytical essay on Othello, which is a must-read. In this guide, you’ll explore how to write and compose a sublime and exemplary paper on Othello. References: Bullough, G. (1973). Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeares: Major tragedies. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. Volume VII (Vol. 7). Columbia University Press. Veldhuijzen, D. G. J. (2016). Feminism and Feminisms: An Analysis of Paula Vogel and Toni Morrison’s Feminist Play Appropriations of Othello (Bachelors thesis). Simmons, A. M. (2016). Supporting Critical Literacy in High School English by Using Systemic Functional Linguistics to Analyze Fantasy, Canonical, and Non Fiction Texts. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 13(3), 183-209. Smith, I. (2016). We are Othello: Speaking of race in early modern studies. Shakespeare Quarterly, 67(1), 104-124. Stella, C. (2016). Italian Studies: Cinquecento (1500–1599). The Years Work in Modern Language Studies, 76, 276-283. Dwivedi, A. V. (2016). Othello: Language and writing [Book Review]. Australasian Drama Studies, (68), 195. Mondal, S. Race, Ideology and Theatre: A Classroom Reading of Othello.

Japanese War Crimes

Japanese War Crimes Introduction Japanese war crimes were committed during the reign of Emperor Hirobito. The paper will give a detailed analysis of the crimes that were committed such as mass killing, forced labor, lootings, use of biological and chemical weapons, cannibalism, sexual slavery, torture and enslavement. This will hence help in giving limelight to the main effects of the crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese War Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To fully understand the crimes committed, the discourse will also analyze the Japanese and international law and some of the agreements that Japan signed in relation to the crimes that were later committed. As a means to an end, it will give a brief recommendation on the whole subject of war crime and the way forward for Japan. Discussion War crimes are the violations of war customs or laws (Trahan,7-13). This includes crimes that are committed against the enemies who can either be opponents or civilians. Though Japan has offered numerous apologies in regard to the suffering it caused, most people still assert that Japan still has not been humble enough to offer a genuine apology (Kristof, 37-49). Others in support of Kristof allege that the Japan government is not humble as it has until now not accepted the legal duty to compensate the people who were affected during the atrocities. Most women’s and Human’s rights organizations agree that Japan should have a legal and moral role to fully compensate the victims. However, Maga (9-31) disagrees with Kristof asserting that the nation has chosen to reject any form of reconciliation. It is the aim of this discourse to give a detailed analysis on the causes of war crimes in Japan in relation to crimes committed such as mass killing, enslavement, and forced labor among others.. It will also give limelight to obvious effects and discuss related laws and trials. Finally, it will give a recommendation. The Japanese Law in relation to War Crimes Japan promised to abide by the terms of Geneva Convention of 1929. Most of the crimes that were committed such as mass killing, lootings, slavery, forced labor, sexual slavery, torture among others did fall in the category of Japanese as well as the international law. For instance most of the crimes by the personnel in the period of the Second World War directly violated the military law. Moreover, the empire ended up breaking agreements that had been signed by Japan such as use of biological or chemical weapons as well as protecting the prisoners. The Japanese government fully accepted the terms that were set in 1945 by Potsdam declaration meaning they were not supposed to engage in the heinous activities that they later engaged in.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of Japanese War crimes and cau ses The military forces were responsible for the war crimes in Japan (Christopher and Eitzen.412-417). Other forces such as Japanese army, the navy, imperial, emperor Hirohito among others were responsible for the war crimes ( Nelson443-467). These people have been cited to have been directly or indirectly involved in the killings and the crimes that were committed against innocent civilians and war prisoners. They were responsible for the killing of millions as even some of the Japanese soldiers admitted to committing the crimes is (Maga 17-35). They conducted numerous abuses against the prisoners and the civilians in East Asia as well as the pacific region (Nelson, 443-467). Since 1950s, most of the government officials in Japan have offered unaccountable apologies for the war crimes though others still deny of having knowledge on the happenings of this period as the killings and lootings at Nanjing by the Japanese soldiers. In comparison to other forms of aggression during the Se cond World War in other nations, Japan is the only country that used biological and chemical weapons. As stated earlier, the paper will give a detailed analysis on the crimes that were committed which were against the law. Use of biochemical weapons and effects Japan started researching on both the chemical and biological weapons in 1920s (Guillemin 545-549). One of the most influential persons who was responsible for these weapons and the later effects was Shiro Ishii ( Kleinman, 23-47). He did his research on innocent victims with the protection of the local police among other influential agencies. He later constructed a biological weapon research center which was later completed in the year 1939. Every year hundreds of his prisoners were exposed to numerous known diseases such as yellow fever and anthrax (Kleinman, 23-47) Ishii even used these prisoners for various hyperthermia and gangrene experiments (Guillemin 545-549). This was a period where most prisoners were even coerced to having intercourse with people who had venereal diseases. The main victims of all these heinous acts and experiments were ordinary criminals, mentally challenged people, political prisoners, the homeless, the poor among others. Most of the prisoners who were used for the experiment were of Chinese origin as well as Americans, Europeans and Koreans.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese War Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no definite data on the people who were killed during the experiments but it is estimated that over twelve thousand people were sacrificed in the name of research (Greenleaf, 275-411). Over 250, 000 people were killed during the field tests as well as in the period of the post war epidemic outbreak which is directly related to biological and chemical weapons that were used (Greenleaf, 275-411). Though Ishii was an influential researcher for both biological and chemica l weapons, he did not commit these crimes alone, but he was helped by various veterinarians, researchers, doctors, among other medical experts (Kleinman, 23-47). All this happened during the reign of Emperor Hirohito in which other units which was like those of Ishii were constructed between 1931 and 1945. From the beginning of 1945, the Japan government denied having any knowledge on the activities of the chemical and biological weapons and its impact on people. They also in their interrogations on the issue tended to reduce the impact that these weapons had. In 1996 the spokesman for foreign affairs lied and defended the Japanese government asserting that the government did not have documents to prove without doubt that they used Chinese people for research.( Edwards, 317-336). That was an outright lie and Drifte ( 47-71) agrees that the Japanese government was obviously aware of the documents that confirmed the vast activities of the allied units and Unit 731. The Japanese govern ment was aware that during this period the highest authority including the Royal Family was fully responsible for these crimes. Since then, for unknown reasons, the Japanese government has refused to acknowledge on the existence of these crimes and those in authority today have continued to deny of having knowledge on such activities. It is to be understood that Japanese War Crimes were not just committed by the ethnic personnel. However, people in pacific and Asian countries teamed up with the Japanese military after coercion and threats. Others collaborated due to economic hardships, imperialist influence, aversion, among other adverse reasons. The result of the war crimes is quite vast and is nothing less than horrific. The war criminals due to the immunity given by the U.S were free to resume to their careers as if nothing happened. Various professions were dominated by high ranking Japanese researchers and medical personnel for a long time. These murderers even rose to high pos ts and became prominent government officials and presidents of various institutions and were credited for being outstanding researchers in the scientific world.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research shows that most of the graduates of various units dominated the Ministry of Health. Additionally, criminals such as Kitano Masaji and Naito Ryoichi developed influential pharmaceutical companies for instance the Green Cross Company (Hornblum, 1437). Having criminals occupy public and private companies had its own consequence. It led to the Green Cross Scandal in which approximately 1500 Japanese were given unsterilized blood which had HIV virus The war crimes have led to numerous lawsuits which are still pending. The War crimes have led numerous charges to people who were liable against various crimes against peace. Some of these charges were introduced in Tokyo trials so as to prosecute class A, Class B and class C criminals. Class B criminals were prosecuted on the merit of being found guilty of the war crimes as per the Japanese and international law. Class C were the people who were guilty of crimes related During the period of 2nd Sino Japanese War, there was use of ga s weapons for example such as tear gas was used in 1937 though from 1938, the Japanese Army started using other chemical weapons such as nausea, chlorine, phosgene gas among other toxic gases. For instance, the emperor permitted the use of such toxic gases on various occasions during the Wuhan war of 1930 despite the agreement signed in relation to use of Noxious Gases in Warfare and Hague conventions(Maga, 18). Furthermore, during the Yichang battle of 1941, the Japanese army launched around one thousand toxic yellow and red gas shells which led to immense adverse effect on over 1,600 Chinese soldiers (Maga, 17-35). Enslavement in relation to war crimes There has been immense controversy on the role of Japan during the Second World War. This has been in relation to the numerous deaths of prisoners of war who were all under Japanese rule. During this period, the Japanese government during its criminal activities killed over 30 million people in which 25 million were Chinese (Futamur a, 59-114). Japan is known to have enslaved millions of people. People were exploited and worked as casual laborers and forced prostitutes. Additionally, forced labor caused several deaths. Over 100, 000 civilians ended up dying during the Siam Railway construction (Fatamura, 59-114). Fatumura in regard to the Tokyo Tribunal’s findings, asserts that the death rates from the Asian nations in which Japan was fully accountable was approximately 27.1% whereas the Chinese death rates were higher than that of the Asians which were directed by Emperor Hirohito( 59-114). Enslavement led to war crimes as it was against the Japanese and international law. Mass killings in relation to war crimes Japanese government was also guilty of mass killings as between the year 1937 and 1945; the military killed over 10 million people (Fatamura, 59-114). This was a result of poor military strategy and immoral national culture. The most famous incident happened in 1937 to 1938; Nanking Massacre, wh ere the Japanese military and army killed over 300, 000 prisoners and civilians (Maga, 17-35). This was against the law and hence led to war crimes. Torture as a cause of war crimes The Japanese forces employed vast usage of torture mechanisms in an effort to promptly gather intelligence. The tortured prisoners could be later executed which went undetected and unquestioned. The prisoners were bullied and murdered so as to cover evidence. This was crime against humanity. Cannibalism as a cause of war crime Another issue under crimes were cannibalism in which most Tokyo tribunals cases indicates that the personnel in Pacific and Asia who were from Japanese origin committed heinous acts of cannibalism against the prisoners. It was so tragic that the Japanese personnel started selecting prisoners daily where every day a prisoner would be killed and later eaten by the army. Liutenant Yoshio Tachibana among other personnel was convicted of cannibalism in 1946 (Maga, 17). Sexual slavery Th e other form of crime was sexual slavery among women where women were recruited by deceptive means, then abducted and finally forced to sexual slavery. This was against the law hence causing war crimes. Trials in relation to war crimes After the war, various people were categorized in the class A, B and C war criminals where around 984 people were condemned to death. Approximately 920 people were executed, 2, 944 people received prison terms, 475 people got a life sentence, 1, 018 got acquitted and around 279 people were neither brought to trial nor sentenced (Maga, 17-31). Emperor Hirohito and other members of the Royal Family who were implicated in the war were exonerated from the criminal prosecutions. Most of the historians have been cited criticizing this decision of the court to exonerate these high ranking officials of the Royal family arguing that they were directly involved in the war crimes. Recommendations It goes without saying that there comes a time when it is not nece ssary anymore to understand why Japan cannot genuinely apologize for its acts, why the Japanese soldiers committed such barbaric acts and even why the emperor was exonerated from the war crimes. The question is, does it matter anymore to count on the innocent victims who were killed during Nanjing Massacre, how many Chinese and Americans were tortured and killed or even how many times the Japanese used biochemical weapons in China which resulted to deaths? It is time that Japanese government acknowledged its war crimes if at all they want to maintain peace in the international sphere and even play a meaningful role in the United Nations (Li,.8-12). For Japan to gain trust of other nations, it ought to settle its legal and moral obligations. Japan should take responsibility for the war crimes, apologize to the victims who were involved in the atrocities and pay the appropriate reparations to all the victims. Conclusion It is apparent that Japanese War crimes had immense effect. The p aper has extensively discussed the Japanese War crimes focusing on the crimes committed, its effects and finally given a recommendation. Christopher, George., Eitzen, Edward. â€Å"Biological warfare†. JAMA, 278.5 (1997): 412-417. Drifte, Reinhard. Japan’s security relations with China since 1909. From balancing to bandwagoning. New York: Routledge, 2002. Print Edwards, Jason. â€Å"Community focused apologia in international affairs. Japanese prime minister Tomiichi Murayama’s apology†. Howard journal of communication, 16.4 (2005): 317-336. Futamura, Madoka. War crimes tribunals and transitional justice. The Tokyo trial and the Nuremburg legacy. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print Greenleaf, Peter. Japan’s secret weapon. Washington: Current publishing, 1944 Guillemin, Jeanne. â€Å"Scientists and the history of biological weapons†. Science and society, 7 (2006): 545-549 Hornblum, Allen. â€Å"They were cheap and available: prisoners as resea rch subjects in 20th century’. Education and debate, 315(1997): 1437 Kristof, Nicholas. â€Å"The problem of memory†. JSOR, Foreign affairs, 77.6 (Nov 1998): 37-49 Kleinman, Arthur. Japan’s wartime medical atrocities. Comparative inquiries in science, history and ethics. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. Print Li, Peter. Japanese War Crimes: The search for justice. New York: Transaction publishers, 2003. Print Maga, Timothy. Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War crimes Trials. CA: University press of Kenturcky, 2001. Print Nelson, John. â€Å"Social memory as ritual practice: commemorating spirits of the military dead at Yasukuni Shinto Shrine†. Journal of Asian Studies, 62.2 (2003): 443-467 Trahan, Jennifer. Genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. A topical digest of the case law of the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. New York: Human Rights watch, 2006. Print

Spiritual Beliefs as a Factor in the Performance of Nursing Staff Research Paper

Spiritual Beliefs as a Factor in the Performance of Nursing Staff - Research Paper Example These questions are significant to nursing practice; in order to meet the demands of the population and increase both patient chances of survival and patient satisfaction the role of spiritualism as a factor considered motivational has been studied to evaluate its efficiency. Following a literature review nursing practices have been identified which contribute to better patient outcomes and advanced education has been noted to increase the ability of the nurse to provide spiritual care. Those nurse’s with more experience and those working at a higher grade have a greater understanding of spirituality (Noble, & Jones, 2010). The value of communication with non-verbal cues is necessary and spiritual care must be guided by the patients themselves. Communication has been identified as a strong factor in the ability to deliver appropriate spiritual care in Milligan, 2004; McSherry, 2006; and Ross, 2006 by Noble and Jones. A lack of time is also considered a barrier to providing spi ritual care and the need for better education and training would be welcome by many. Spirituality among nurse’s is related positively to education levels and those having a Master’s degree. It is also related to 11-19 years clinical experience and having received spiritual education and training (Wu, & Lin, 2011). In Lind, Sendelbach, & Steen, (2011) nurses were described as feeling unprepared and unable to meet the spiritual needs of patients. Patient satisfaction surveys in a Minnesota cardiovascular progressive care unit determined that meeting the spiritual needs of patients in the unit was an area that needed improvement. The unit first analyzed the 2001 Joint Commission of 2001Press Ganey national inpatient data which indicated that there is a high value placed on emotional and spiritual care while patient’s are hospitalized. Second, there is a very strong correlation between meeting a patient’s emotional and spiritual needs to their overall satisfa ction and third, this is area in most hospitals that provides opportunity for a significant improvement. Spiritual distress has been named as an appropriate nursing diagnosis by The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association and it is a recommendation of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing that spiritual care is included in all education programs. Despite this fact education and training seems to be lacking to many nurses. Only a small number of nurses feel that they are able to meet the spiritual and emotional needs of patients. The unit began offering a two hour voluntary education program to the nurses with time paid and which 37 or 70% of the nurses attended over the period of a year. The instructor who taught the class was from a local faith affiliated University and the hospital Chaplain participated in each training class. This education program included concepts such as defining spirituality, what spiritual care is, what prevents spiritual care, when to call th e Chaplain and nursing interventions for spiritual care. Sessions were based on literature and staff surveys. The unit implemented a new survey, the HOPE survey, in order to provide spiritual assessment. The survey was taken from a teaching tool that was developed for Physicians. Likert type survey scores which measured patient satisfaction with spiritual and emotional care went up from 65% and 62% to 74% and 71% the two months following implementation of the training program. Pastoral care consultancies were increased from 16 to 27 per month and spiritual care plans were increased from 1 to 4 per month. The success of this program in the

What do you think comprises reality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What do you think comprises reality - Term Paper Example We do not have a direct perception of substances in minds, but only a representation of them. What we know is not what is inherent to the substances, but only the secondary and primary qualities. Thus, according to Locke, the substances are bodies, which are material, and souls, which are immaterial. Then there is God. He explains the existence of God, not from inherent ideas, but from sense-experience. Their basic substance is assumed from the perception of physical qualities, since qualities must have a solid basis. Likewise, a spiritual soul is formed from the observation of mental operations. We perceive bodies through sensation and have a lucid and instant idea of our soul by reflection. The outside world is independent of the mind. The presence of real objects is what causes real sensations in us (Tully 53). Locke further says there are interactions between the body and mind, both of which are real beings, resulting in the actions of our bodies and minds. The changes experience d by the soul are as a result of its being acted on by outside bodies. On Locke’s third substance, God, he provides that we shape an idea of God by expanding or taking to infinity the rules and objects of our sensations and reflections. What we experience are existence, extension, knowledge and power. Taking them to infinity is our idea of God (Tully 67). Descartes described a substance as a particular thing. He argues that there are material or physical substances and thinking substances, the mind. The substances have characteristics called modes. Modes of physical substances include their location in time, space, shape and volume. The mode of thinking substances includes ideas, judgments and desires of the subject. Every substance has an essential property. The essential property of a material substance is occupying space and time. The essential property of a thinking substance is thinking. Therefore, having ideas, believing or desiring are ways of thinking, and having a sh ape and volume are ways of occupying space and time. Descartes further divides material substances into finite and infinite. Examples of finite materials are human bodies, plants and earth. Likewise, human minds are finite thinking substances. Adding a third substance, he says God is an infinite substance. Therefore, according to Descartes, there are three types of substances; modes, finite substances, and infinite substance. Descartes views reality as relative and divides them into formal and objective reality. Formal is the kind of reality something possesses by merit of the type of thing it is. Infinite substances, finite substances, and modes possess formal reality in varying degrees. Modes have the least formal reality, followed by finite substances then infinite substance in ascending order. The amount of formal reality contained in something is determined by its dependence on another for its existence. The higher the dependence something has on another for existence, the less the formal reality it contains. Modes depend on finite substances, and in turn finite substances depend on infinite substances for existence (Tully 41). For example, the shape of a ball would not exist without a ball, but a ball could exist without that shape. On objective reality, Descartes contributes that first it is only possessed by representation. This means that it is possessed by things that stand for other things. Basically, these are ideas. Examples of representations

In Asthmatic Children under the age of 5yrs is spacer inhaler more Essay - 1

In Asthmatic Children under the age of 5yrs is spacer inhaler more beneficial than a nebulizer - Essay Example Asthma prevalence is increasing with corresponding increase in incidences of emergency department admissions. Pollution as well as changes in lifestyle has contributed significantly in increasing the prevalence of asthma (Dhuper et al, 2011). Certain demographic factors such as poor socioeconomic status, are also contributing to higher numbers of asthma prevalence among certain ethnic populations such as African American and Hispanic populations (Dhuper et al, 2011). Among children, asthma is found to be 10 to 15% prevalent and a major cause of admissions to the emergency departments with high morbidity and mortality rates (Kovesi et al, 2010). Management of younger children remains a challenge as there are lot of constraints on the test results. Children show less cooperation, are more anxious and are not in the development stage to understand instructions or abide by them (Kovesi et al, 2010). The similar reasons are the cause of difficulty in diagnosis of the condition. While wheezing is a very common phenomena present in children, not all wheezing can be categorized as asthma. This is because wheezing pattern of breathing is quite similar to noisy breathing, which is caused by nasal secretions in children which they haven’t learnt to swallow (Kovesi et al, 2010). Children also show different asthma presentations as compared to adults (Kovesi et al, 2010). Therefore, the diagnosis of asthma is based mainly on symptoms and treatment responses than testing methods such as pulmonary function tests. Bronchodilator therapy remains a mainstay in the management of asthma conditions in children. The bronchodilator therapy can be carried out either orally or through inhalation. Inhalation therapy is now the preferred method of treatment of asthma symptoms due to lesser systemic effects as compared to oral therapy. Inhalation therapy is also speedier in remission of asthma

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay This study reviewing the biomechanical effects of the orthosis on human gait pattern and a specific type of ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with rocker bottom was used for the pilot study. Walking gait cycle background theory and related terms definition is explained as the introduction. A complete review on AFO functionality and efficacy on gait correction via laboratory testing is done. The review is mainly expressed from biomechanics approach with the use of kinematics and kinetic knowledge. From the reviewed process, it is no doubt to clarify that AFO enable to prevent and correct pathological gait for better improvement. Motion analysis technique using camera based system to conduct laboratory experiment on human gait is studied too. A sequence of procedures is design for further study, which consist of subject acquirement, rocker AFO fabrication, customization, laboratory experiment testing using Vicon motion analysis system, data collection and analyse. Besides, pilot studys results are included in result and discussion. A healthy woman was used as the subject in the pilot study who undergo 2 types of walking, which are walked barefoot and with AFO condition. As conclusion, the review provides evidence that the influence of AFO in altering human walking gait is significant and further study is necessary to be proceeded for better describe AFO functionality. Acknowledgement The first thank goes to Prof. Dr. Ir. Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas, my supervisor for this graduation project. His willingness and patient in teaching and guide me either to accomplish the tasks or when I facing problems during the time, were indeed appreciated. My grateful thank goes to Dr Noor Azuan Abu Osman with his enthusiasm of sharing valuable knowledge and all kind of challenges gave by him, were definitely brought me chances to work as an professional biomedical engineer. I express much gratitude to Miss Arezoo Eshraghi too, for her guidance and assistance brought to the smoothness of my thesis study. Nevertheless, I would like to thank for all the hard work done by my faculty, especially to the Coordinator for the Graduation Project, Dr.Belinda Murphy, assistant for the project Miss Khairunnisa Hasikin and all the stuff of Biomedical Engineering Department. Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols and Abbreviations AFO Ankle Foot Orthosis IC Initial contact LR Loading Response MST Mid Stance TST Terminal Stance TO Toe Off ISW Initial Swing MSW Mid Swing TSW Terminal Swing DF Dorsiflexion PF Plantarflexion KF Knee Flexion KE Knee Extension HF Hip Flexion HE Hip Extension PTB Patellar Tendon Bearing ToA Types of AFO CGC Control Group Condition Introduction Human locomotion defined as movement from one place to another and a numbers of ways could be done to achieve it, walking, use of a bicycle, wheelchair are examples of locomotion (Smidt, 1990). In this study, walking gait is the targeted locomotion. Walking is a cyclic movement interlaced between left and right foot with at least one foot being contact with the ground at all times in a certain periodic pattern (Ounpuu, 1995). A systemic analysis and parameter is required to evaluate walking gait effectively and biomechanics knowledge has been introduced to solve for this. It is a brand new term developed around the year of 1970s which integrating engineering mechanics knowledge into biological system. Biomechanics is actually applied in gait analysis by the ancient scientists few centuries ago (Martin, 1999). Biomechanics study on the gait analysis has been started since the year of 1680 by Aristotle on the gait of animals and in the year of 1890, Christian Wilhelm Braune an anatomist and Otto Fischer were started investigating human gait from biomechanics aspects (Martin, 1999). Scientists enthusiasm toward human gait analysis never shelved, it continue evolutes until today. At present, biomechanics investigation in gait analysis is able to provide profusion information for clinical practitioner to assess patient locomotion effectively. For instances, a pathology gait pattern by patient can be visualized by measuring biomechanical parameters, step length, length, joint angles, forces and etcetera. To evaluate how well the treatment improves patient ambulatory level, biomechanics knowledge applied too. Main interest of this study is not only focus on human walking gait, but also to investigate the manner orthotics alters its users gait pattern from biomechanics aspect. Orthosis is a medical appliance major used in orthopedics field for the purpose to support, alter, and align injured body segments involve in body movement (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). In this study, the ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with additional rocker sole is chose as the orthosis in this study. Figure 1.1(a) shown a solid AFO and (b) rocker bottom. Figure 1. Solid AFO Rocker AFO is a kind of treatment apply to diabetic patient who has plantar foot ulceration risk and with ankle joint mobility difficulty. From statistical analysis from University Malaya Medical Centre Diabetic Foot Clinics, plantar foot wound treatments on diabetic patient possess the highest number of among other kind of treatment and also footwear is the highest treatment modality among others in 2008 and 2009. This statement has support and encourages the necessity to carry out this study as number of diabetic patient is increase gradually every year. AFO is worn on lower extremity and around foot to support and correct ankle position. Patient having diabetes, experienced bones segment fracture, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, tendon dysfunction and limb disorder patient who ankle failed to support their body weight while walking are commonly suggested by orthotist to use an AFO to improve gait routine and to minimise further injury risk (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). Besides that, rocker sole is a creature use to reduce pressure on the forefoot and use to transmit pressure from high pressure to low pressure area meanwhile off loading the pressure exerted to risky area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009). To be relative to orthosis definition, an AFO with rocker sole should not bring more burdens to patient in increase energy demand or cause any long term side effects. Consequently, investigating AFO biomechanical performance in aiding and influencing wearer locomotion therefore becomes an important study. Three dimensional (3D) gait analysis systems are laboratory equipment involve the use of reflective markers that placed on subjects interest body segments as the landmarks (Davis, Deluca, Ounpuu, 2000). It has been use widely in clinical gait analysis services and research. The video camera based system employ 2 to 7 infrared cameras allocated on the measurement volume to record subject motion or markers trajectories in precise as shown in Figure 1.2 (a) (b). The entire system applies stereophotogrammetric techniques to produce each markers 3D coordinates from the two dimensional (2D) images capture by each of the camera (Davis, et al., 2000). This 3D system digitized subject movement in real time into frames depending on sampling rate set. The frame to frame analysis provides better motion visualization and subsequently from the 3D images generated it makes the possibility to compute a more complete description towards the dynamic gait in terms of biomechanical parameters. Kinemat ic, kinetic, and temporal parameters or some other dynamic gait variables are able to be obtained from this system. During the entire study, Vicon Nexus 1.4 motion analysis system is employ to record and examine subjects walking gait pattern. Kinematic and kinetic parameters are extracting to further illustrate rocker AFO effects on its user gait pattern. Figure 1.2(c) presented a monkey hooping frame image capture using 3D motion analysis systems. http://rehablab.creighton.edu/share/sharedfiles/UserFiles/image/Camera1.jpghttp://www.med.nyu.edu/rehabengineering/images/vicon8cameras.jpg (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Infrared Camera (b) Overview of Motion Analysis Laboratory (c) Frame Images Capture from Infrared Camera 1.1 Theory Walking gait Normal one complete gait cycle consists of stance phase and swing phase in a proportion of 60% and 40%, respectively. A normal adult will spent approximately 60% of total gait duration for heel strike to toe off (stance phase) and 40% for initial swing to terminal swing (swing phase). Stance phase is the event when foot touch on ground and body passes over the top of it whereas swing phase is when the same foot moves forwards in the air. Figure 1. Stance and Swing Phase Propotion. Stance phase is defined from initial contact, loading response, mid stance and terminal stance (toe off). Swing phase is defined from the instance toe off, initial swing, mid swing and terminal swing (Ounpuu, 1995). Figure 1.4 illustrates the phases of the gait cycle shown with the corresponding position for sagittal plane motion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=physmedrehabpart=A8414blobname=ch6f6-2.jpg Figure 1. Gait cycle phases (Carson, M.D. 1995) Stance phase Initial contact(IC) (0% of the gait cycle), it occur when foot contact to ground. Loading response (LR) (0-10% of the gait cycle), during this stage, shock absorption occurred with stability remain and body more forwarded. This is the first double support happened. Mid stance (MST) (10%-30% of the gait cycle), the first single leg support instance, purpose of this phase is to advance body over the stance phase limb while stability is maintained. Terminal stance (TST) (30%-50% of gait cycle), or sometimes called toe off(TF) single support ended when the sound limb contact with floor and in this phase, body still being advanced through the stance foot through the forward fall of the trunk. Toe off (TO) (60% of the gait cycle), when foots toes are about to leave floor. Swing Phase Initial Swing (ISW) (60%-73% of the gait cycle), second single support phase and begins when the foot leaves the ground until it passes opposite the stance limb. Mid swing (MSW) (73%-87%), continue advance the swing limb while providing clearance of stance foot. Terminal swing (TSW) (87%-100%), swing leg already in preparation for the next stance phase. In order for a person to walk normally, the locomotor system must fulfill four requirements. Firstly, stability of foot is essential to ensure each foot capable to withstand body weight with no collapsing. Secondly, during single leg support in stance phase, balance shall sustain for that particular period. Thirdly, swinging leg must be able to move in a sequence reaching the position where it can take over the supporting leg. Lastly, locomotor system must provided substantial power to induce limb movements and to advance the body (Whittle, 1993). Pathological gait produce abnormal walking patterns when it fails to obey any of the four requirements stated above. It can be indentified obviously by visual or using appropriate clinical gait analysis method. This abnormal gait maybe performed unintended by the subject due to the weakness, spasticity or deformity occurred onto them. Besides, sometimes the abnormal gait is also consequences of the compensatory motion by some other problem. Any abnormal gait should be corrected using an orthotics or braces in order to minimize overload harms on muscles, joints and bones. Kinematic and kinetics of human gait The terms kinematic and kinetics are branches of biomechanics, which are commonly employed in gait assessment. Kinematic describing a body movement without considering its causes for example forces and torque. Camera is a example of kinematic equipment which only used to observe limbs movement without but without providing information of force involved (Whittle, 1993). Meanwhile, kinetic is more in explaining the body motion with it causes like mass and forces exert onto the system. Moment, force, mass, and acceleration are the examples which usually utilize the kinetic of the systems. Example of kinematic equipment in gait analysis is force plate, which measure force exerted by foot but without the position and angle of the leg segment (Whittle, 1993). Kinematic of human gait: Angle Pelvis, hip, knee and ankle angle are the common kinematic parameters used in gait analysis. Each anatomical angle can be observed from sagittal, coronal and transverse plane. During normal gait, most of the motion occurred in sagittal plane meanwhile coronal and transverse plane have greater motion in pathological gait(Ounpuu, 1995). Table 1.1 is a summary on the each segment movement with respect to gait cycles phases. Table 1. Summary of the Major components of gait with respect to the phase of the gait cycle. Phase Joint Movement Ankle Knee IC Neutral Position Fully KE LR PF KF MST DF KE TST DF KE TF PF KF ISW Peak PF then DF rapidly KF rapidly to peak MSW Peak DF Start with peak KF and KE rapidly TSW PF KE PlantarFlexion(PF), DorsiFlexion(DF), Knee Flexion(KF), Knee Extension(KE), Hip Flexion(HF) and Hip Extension (HE) Kinetics of human gait: Ground reaction forces When a person is walking, forces will apply toward ground on each step taken. According to Newtons Third Law, a force will generate that is equal magnitude but in the opposite direction to the force applied by the foot, and it is called ground reaction forces. The vertical component of ground reaction forces is raise from heel strike and shot 112% of body weight during 25% of gait. At the mean time, the opposite leg propels the centre of gravity upward and thus vertical force descends to around 80% of body weight. At the instance of heel off, centre of gravity start to move downward therefore vertical forces raise again to around 115% of body weight at almost 80% of stance phase. Vertical forces descend greatly right after the peak vertical forces as the foot is propel to swing phase. Figure 1.5 shown the overview of vertical forces exert on the stance leg. Figure 1. Ground reaction forces Literature Review Types of AFO AFO is categorized into many types depending on its functionality, design approach and usages. AFOs are generally classified into five main branches: rigid AFOs, hinged AFOs, Patellar Tendon Bearing (PTB) AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs and ground reaction AFOs. Each AFOs functionality will be discussed in detail later. Table 2. Summary on Types of AFO and description (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001) Types of AFO Features Solid AFOSolid ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), Plastazote-lined (Photo courtesy of Hersco Orthotic Labs.) Trimmed anterior to malleoli surrounds ankle. Restrict ankle motion without allows any plantarflexion. During loading response, maintain a rigid foot and ankle alignment Hinged AFOhttp://www.appliedbiomechanics.com/Home/Home/Hinged_AFO.gif Add mechanical joint around ankle to permit motion. Degrees of motion are determined by the joint design. Allow dorsiflexion and plantar flexion without restriction. PTB AFOhttp://www.capstoneorthopedic.com/Orthoservicespages/afo/afo_clip_image018.png Cast until patella area as to transfer weight from plantar foot to patella tendon Responsible for off loading effect. Posterior Leaf Spring AFOhttp://www.neuromuscular-orthotics.com.au/images/PLS%20AFO.jpg Trimmed posterior to malleoli, allow plastic to recoil Function as a spring during swing phase off loaded, allow plantar flexion. Ankle motion is permitted by deformation and recoil of the plastic strip. Gait analysis method Reliability of the result obtained from motion analysis is mainly relay on the markers placement (Ferrari, et al., 2008; A. Leardini Benedetti, 1999). Therefore, marker positioning is depending strongly to the objective of the research or study. The inconsistency of marker placement is generally a crucial factor contribute to the data variation because each marker represent different body landmark respectively too. A full body marker set is often applying to investigate whole body posture and gait. A total of 60 markers with 22 on each leg, 5 on pelvis and 11 on trunk are consider as a complete marker set. It has been applied to evaluate treatment gait pattern correction or diseases caused pathological gait for example cerebral palsy and diabetic patient (Radtka, Skinner, Elise Johanson, 2005; Sawacha, et al., 2009). Only lower limb markers set were use more often in gait motion analysis (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, Gard, Malas, 2009; Alberto Leardini, et al., 2007; Yokoyama Sashik a, 2005). There also few study make their focus on gait assessment on AFO user which only applied reflective marker on lower limb as anatomic landmarks for the whole experiment (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009). When come across with gait analysis, researchers putting more interest on the lower limbs kinetic and kinematic parameters rather than upper limb because the locomotion trajectories occurred mainly in leg segments. In analyzing treatment effect for a particular illness or disease, control group or control variable present to serve a better comparison to the tested result. While evaluating the relation of orthosis treatment and gait assessment caused by it, subject under barefoot condition sometimes appeared as the control variable (Abel Juhl, 1998; Lam, Leong, Li, Hu, Lu, 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002). However, in some cases, barefoot control does not provide a comparable opportunity and it is not practical as in real life subjects usually walk with foot wear. Besides, as of experimental approach, it has shown that subjects walking with footwear is more relative to evaluate AFO efficacy with contrast to barefoot ((Radtka, et al., 2005)Churchill et al., 2003; Radtka et al., 2005). Two reviewed articles obtained result with subject walking while wore footwear alone (Bleyenheuft Hanson, 2010; Fatone, et al., 2009). There is one of the article used able bodied subject with footwear alone to acqui re control variables (Fatone et al., 2009). Either way of choosing control group is proportion to the research behavior and objectives. Therefore, appropriate consideration should be taken while designing a research methodology. Gait analysis parameters In general, AFO is use as prevention of foot deformity, limit joint movement, position and provide stability. The effect of AFO in serving all these functionality is been studied via various method from simple to more sophisticated gait analysis technique. Majority of the reviewed papers adopted video-camera based system to collect and record data. (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009; Lam, et al., 2005; Radtka, et al., 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002; Yokoyama Sashika, 2005). Kinematic and temperal parameters are the two common results obtained from ambulation analysis. Temperal parameter Cadance Cadence, defined as number of steps taken in a given period and its unit is steps over minute. In gait analysis, cadence becomes a popular parameter to evaluate AFO efficacy. Researches which have examined subjects gait with dynamic AFO and without dynamic AFO proved that cadence is one variable altered by the manipulation on AFO (Lam, et al., 2004; Romkes et al., 2001; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Lam and Romkes studies have shown a decrease of cadence while subject walked with dynamic AFO compare to walk with barefoot. However, in Bleyenheuft study, changes of cadence value are less significant compare to others. In hinged AFO, two papers reported a increase on cadence compare to barefoot ( Romkes et al., 2001; Tyson et al., 1998) and one shown decrease effect (Radtka et al., 2004). Four reviewed papers tested subjects walked with solid AFO reported decrease of cadence compare to without solid AFO (Abel et al., 1998; Radtka et al., 2004; Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). C adence in a new design AFO which use oil damper resistance to restrict ankle movement also reported a decrease phenomenon on subjects walking gait with against barefoot trials. Dynamic AFO reported to have higher cadence compare to solid AFO in Lam, 2004 and Bleyenheuft, 2007 studies. Meanwhile, between hinged AFO and dynamic AFO, hinged types AFO having higher cadence value ( Romkes et al., 2001). By reviewing this, an instance conclusion can be making that hinged AFO provide a high cadence. Resultant cadence variation is likely due to the design of types of the AFO. Manipulate ankle movement degree certainly influence entire locomotion trajectories, consequently cadence are involved. Velocity Velocity is a resultant product of stride length time cadence. Any changes of these two variables may vary walking velocity. Solid AFO, dynamic AFO, and hinged AFO were all result higher velocities and stride length compare to the condition without AFO on tested walking trials (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009). However, a less significant increase observed while analyzes hinged AFO and solid AFO toward barefoot condition in Fatone, 2009 and Lam, 2004 researches, respectively. From these two cases, a common observation found between them is the insignificant of stride lengths alterations. Kinematic of Gait Analysis DF at IC (Stance Phase) Currently, AFO are design to restrict exceed ankle PF, simultaneously improve pre-positioning of the foot during IC f gait cycle. However, DF ability of AFO is strictly relying on the design and trimming pattern of particular AFO (Yokoyama et al., 2005). All types of AFO being study in this section have shown reasonable increase of DF angle compare to barefoot or without AFO condition (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). This outcome is consistent with the basic functionality and characteristic of AFOs. For hinged and dynamic types, both allows free ankle DF during stance and meanwhile limit PF (Romkes et al., 2001). From review, subjects wore dynamic AFO have noticeable better DF than solid AFO and barefoot (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al, 2007). KF during IC (Stance phase) Knee fully extends just before heel contact and this is named as stance phase flexion. Patient walked with dynamic AFO showed significant increased in KF during initial stance compare to barefoot and there was less significant compared to solid type AFO (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Nevertheless, a slightly decreased on KF during initial contact is observed too. Both dynamic and hinged AFO shown little attenuate of KF angle compare to barefoot in Romkes, 2001 studies. In Radtka, 2005 research, the abnormal KF during barefoot walking remained although subject walk with hinged and solid AFO and this is consistent with Rethlefsen, 1999 findings. PF during TST (stance Phase) At the instance stance foot leave ground and preparing for swinging, plantar foot is flex as to push off body forwarded. Hinged AFO have impressed decreasing of PF during terminal stance if compare to walked with barefoot ( Radtka et al., 2005; Romkes et al., 2001). In Romkes, 2001 study, it revealed that hinged AFO has better push off effect compare to dynamic AFO according to their flexing ability. Besides that, in Radtka 2005s study, researchers concluded hinged AFO has better rocker effect as to proceed swing phase compared to solid AFO. DF during MSW (Swing Phase) DF is necessary to prevent foot drop as to provide toe clearance for patient to have better gait performance. In all the reviewed papers, DF were all increased during MSW (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). Table 2. Summary on Variables Comparison of Types of AFO (ToA) with respect to Control Group Condition (CGC) Author, Year ToA CGC Variables comparison on ToA with respect to CGC Cadence Velocity DF at IC KF at IC PF at TST Abel et al., 1998 Fixed AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Blenyenheuft et al., 2007 Dynamic AFO Shoe only Not significant Increase Increase Increase prefabricated AFO Shoe only Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Fatone et al., 2009 Hinged AFO Shoe only Not significant Not significant Increase Increase Lam et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Not significant Increase Increase Decrease Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Radtka et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Not significant Decrease Romkes et al., 2001 Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Tyson, 1998 Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Yokoyama et al., 2005 Oil damper resistance AFO Shoe only Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Kinetic of human gait: Ground reaction forces and Peak pressure High peak plantar pressure (PPP) on foot is significant in contributing ulceration and callus formation on diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Veyes, Murray, Buoulton, 1992). If PPP occurred on the same area for a repeated period it might associated with callus or skin break down on that particular area (Boulton AJ, 1993). Incidence of skin breakdown in the forefoot chance is higher compare to in rear foot (Mueller, Zou, Lott, 2005). It has been prove in few studies that metatarsal head is the most frequent areas having skin injury problem rather than at heel in diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Sinacore, 1996). By using rocker sole in diabetic subjects, reviewed papers shown a significant PPP reduction over the high pressure area especially over forefoot and rear foot area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009; Brown Wertsch, 2004; Schaff Cavanagh, 1990). Rocker sole is designed in a way that to redistribute plantar pressure from a conventional pressure distribution to a newly designed pressure map(Brown Wertsch, 2004). Aims and Objectives Examine orthosis efficacy in walking gait is the foremost objective in this study. AFO is prescribing enable to make better alignment of foot on patient with pathological gait. A rocker bottom is claimed to serve better plantar pressure distribution and as treatment to avoid further foot deformity. Basic approach in this study is to investigate the effectiveness of rocker AFO in prevent and utilize better ambulation pattern on diabetic patient from abnormal walking mechanism. Joint mobility caused by rocker AFO believed serve a better gait pattern and harmless to the connected leg segment. Rocker effect on the AFO is tending to reduce ground reaction forces to AFO user foot. Biomechanics and engineering knowledge is applied for better description. To test this hypothesis the following key objectives were undertaken: To study and enhance better gait mechanism knowledge from engineering and medical approach. To quantify and compare joint mobility with and without rocker AFO using lower limb component motion range analysis. To observe the relationship between the rocker bottom to kinetic changing on patient gait. Methodology Introduction Method to conduct this study is structured into few stages from recruiting subjects to conclude the study objectives. In order to keep align with this study objectives, each procedure taken has to be design carefully to reduce the possibility of data confusion and the occurrence of technical errors. Mostly, methodology to investigate orthosis efficacy usually being categorized into subject acquirement, subject assessment, AFO fabrication, AFO customize process, gait analysis laboratory testing, data acquisition and data analyzing ( Fatone et al., 2009). Subject acquirement In this study, AFO with rocker bottom is fixed to be the interest orthosis to investigate for the entire process. From literature, an AFO rocker sole mostly applied for the purpose of offloading on diabetic patient, thus the targeted subject is diabetic patient who possess potential to occur ulceration at plantar foot (Zimmy et al., 2004; Albright et al., 2009). 5 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy are recruiting as the subjects. Subject should be free from any other physical abnormality, surgery or injury on the lower limb extremities. To be prior to their participation, informed concern was acquired from all the subjects. Equipment: AFO Fabrication Only unilateral study will be carry out which means rocker AFO will be only fabricate for either leg depends on the foot condition. Each participant will be customizing a rocker AFO which is unique with their ulceration area and foot sizes. Participants are evaluated barefoot and going through anthropometrical measurement on the affected leg by the orthotists. The AFO are custom molded by polypropylene and with a suggested 4.8 mm thick (Lam eta al., 2005). Neutral position of the AFO will be 90Â ° at foot shank ankle. Foot length of the AFO will extended distally under the toes end and trimmed along the mediolateral border of the foot. Upper part of the AFO will trimmed on posterior until about 2.5cm below fibula. Rocker sole apex has to be position according to subject pressure distribution. Usually subject affected areas are location with metatarsal and forefoot area. A consistent rocker sole design is purposed with the apex fall behind of the fifth metatarsal with an angle of 15à ‚ °. Figure 3.1 shown the rocker AFO suggested: Figure 3. Rocker AFO After rocker AFO finishing, subject request to test the fitness of the AFO. If the custom made rocker AFO raises any comfort ability issue, adjustment being done to fix it. Gait analysis laboratory testi