The 5 Principles of Adult Learning Pioneered by Malcolm Knowles

Teaching adults often looks very different from teaching children. Adult educators can make assumptions of their adult students that they would not make of children because adults have had vastly different life experiences and come with their own unique sets of background knowledge. Andragogy, or the practice of teaching adults, studies the best methods and approaches for effective adult education. Malcolm Knowles Five Principles of Andragogy Those teaching adults should understand and practice the five principles of andragogy espoused by Malcolm Knowles, a pioneer in the study of adult learning. Knowles posited that adults learn best under the following circumstances: The learning is self-directed.The learning is experiential and utilizes background knowledge.The learning is relevant to current roles.The instruction is problem-centered.The students are motivated to learn. By incorporating these five principles of andragogy into instruction, adult educators and learners alike will experience greater success in the classroom. Self-Directed Learning One of the most important differences between teaching children and teaching adults is the self-concept of adult learners. While young students tend to be dependent on their teachers to guide their learning and provide opportunities for application, adult learners are the opposite. Adult learners are usually mature and self-confident enough to know how they learn best, what their areas of strength and weakness are, and how to go about learning. They dont require much help acquiring resources or developing goals for learning because, in most cases, they have done this before and already have reasons for being in school again. Adult educators need to grant their students plenty of space and be there to support rather than guide. Another benefit of self-directed learning is that students can design their studies around their preferred learning style—visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Visual learners rely on pictures. They benefit from the use of graphs, diagrams, and illustrations. They learn best when they are shown what to do or what something looks like. Auditory learners listen carefully when they are learning and draw the majority of new knowledge through their ears. Things make the most sense to them when they are told how something should be. Tactile or kinesthetic learners need to physically do something to understand it. By performing something for themselves through a degree of trial and error, these learners will experience the most success. Using Experiences as a Resource Adult educators need to utilize each set of background knowledge in their classroom as a resource. No matter how old your adult learners are or what type of life they have led thus far, every one of your students will have acquired an extensive cache of experiences that you can draw on to make the most of what everyone brings to the table. Rather than behaving as if the classroom should be a level playing field and ignoring irregular stores of background knowledge, use them to enrich instruction. Your students could be coming from vastly different walks of life. Some will be experts in an area that your whole class could benefit from learning about or will have experienced something very unfamiliar to the rest of your students. The moments of authenticity and spontaneity that come from sharing with each other will prove to be some of the most powerful. Tap into the wealth of wisdom of your class as much as possible. Relevance of Material Adult students are most likely to want to learn about subjects that will have immediate pay-offs in their life, especially as it pertains to their social roles. As adults start to navigate marriage, parenthood, career positions, and other complex roles, they begin to orient themselves exclusively to them. Adults have little use for material that is not relevant to the roles they already occupy and this is another reason for allowing students to play a part in designing their own curriculum. For example, some of your learners will want to learn about career advancement, but some, perhaps retirees or stay-at-home parents, will not need this information. The job of adult educators is to get to know students well enough to be able to teach to their roles. Always keep in mind that your older students are there to accomplish something and probably have busy lives. The goal of adult education is to fit the needs of your students, who are more often than not opting to be there because they identified an area of need for themselves—ask and listen to them about what they want from this experience. Problem-Centered Instruction Adult learners do not desire to learn about material that doesnt fit into their lives and they do not usually want their learning to be abstract either. Adults are practiced, knowledgeable, and flexible learners that have a lot of problems to solve. Unlike young students, they do not usually need long to think about unfamiliar subjects before trying a skill out for themselves because they exercise their problem-solving skills every day and learn more each time. Adult educators need to tailor their instruction to specific problems that their students face rather than approaching their teaching one subject at a time. Andragogy is about spending more time doing than learning and the quality of instruction is much more important than topic coverage. Motivation to Learn â€Å"When the student is ready, the teacher appears† is a Buddhist proverb that applies well to all areas of education. No matter how hard a teacher tries, learning only begins once a student is ready. For most adults, returning to school after several years can be intimidating and a certain degree of apprehension should be expected in adult learners. Getting past the initial uneasiness of adult learners can be a challenge. However, many adult educators find that their students are eager to grow their knowledge. Adults that have chosen to go back to school are probably already motivated to learn or would not have made the choice to continue their education. The teachers role in these cases is simply to encourage this motivation and help your students maintain positivity toward learning so they can move past any discomfort they may feel about their situation. Listen carefully for teaching moments and take advantage of them. When a student says or does something that cues a new topic, be flexible and discuss it, even briefly, to show your students that their interests are important.

In Cold Blood Nature vs Nurture Essay - 885 Words

In Truman Capote’s famous non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood, there is evidence that supports the injustices of the trial: death penalty. The final outcome of the trail was never to be any different than death. â€Å"Of all the people in all the world, the Clutters were the least likely to be murdered† (Capote 85). We know the two men who killed the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Bill Hickock, preplanned the crime with malice and forethought. Although the actions were crul and grusome, does Death Row fit what they did if their pasts, childhood environments and situation, are bad. Capote shows the effect of childhood on the killers and if the death penalty is fair. Capote gives the killers a voice to show their humanity by giving childhood†¦show more content†¦If the juror had had this incite would they have sentenced Smith and Hickock to death? Perry Smith came from a very dysfunctional family. Growing up Perry was never taught right from wrong. His parents divo rced after years of domestic violence, his mother became an alcoholic. Due to the stresses at home he is a cronique run-away. He was â€Å"in and out of detention homes many times† (277); an orphanage. The cottage mistress severely beats and humiliates Smith for wetting the bed. During Smith’s teen years two of his sibling’s committed suicide, and the surviving sibling refusing to interact with him. Smith was angry, conflicted, and scarred by years of abuse. Taking the opportunities his adulthood gave him to act out against the world that hurt him. Dick Hickock had an excellent family, but they did struggle with finances. He was an outstanding athlete and a good student. Dick was â€Å"An outstanding athlete-always on the first team at school. Basketball! Baseball! Football! Dick was always the star player. A pretty good student, too, with A marks in several subjects†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Capote 166).â€Å"I think the main reason I went there (the Clutter home) was n ot to rob them but to rape the girl† (Capote 278). In the ongoing debate about whether nature or nurture is the primary force shaping a person’s character, Capote comes down firmly on the side of nurture and environment in his book In Cold Blood. Was Capote trying to justifyShow MoreRelatedTruman Capote -In Cold Blood - Nature vs Nurture1274 Words   |  6 Pagesryan hegarty In Cold Blood. Question 2 â€Å"Nature vs Nurture† Truman Capote’s acclaimed â€Å"non-fiction† novel, In Cold Blood explores the concept as to whether killers are born or made, following the brutal murders of the Clutter family in rural Kansas. Capote develops Perry Smith’s horrid, unfortunate upbringing as a key narrative device which serves to illustrate the effect of childhood experiences on adult behaviour. Capote manipulates the reader’s idea of morality, controversially portraying PerryRead MoreNature vs. Nurture in in Cold Blood Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Ones Environment in In Cold Blood On November 15, 1959, in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas, a family of four was brutally murdered by shotgun blasts only a few inches from their faces. The protagonist of the story, Perry Smith, a man with a troubled past, is the one responsible for committing these murders. In framing the question nature versus nurture, Capote’s powerfully written account of the Clutter family killings asks whether a man alone can be held responsible for his actionsRead MoreNature vs Nurture in Truman Capote’s Novel, In Cold Blood Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Mulcaster, a British instructor of English, once wrote, â€Å"Nature makes the boy toward, nurture sees him forward.† Mulcaster recognizes that both genetic and environmental factors determine the type of a person one becomes. Truman Capote’s nonfiction novel, In Cold Blood gives the reader an opportunity to see prime examples of how nature and nurture influence one’s character. Capote’s n ovel, In Cold Blood introduces the reader to two men; Richard Eugene Hickock known as Dick throughout theRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traitsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Nurture Essay Throughout many years, scientists have been debating about whether nature or nurture is the driving force that shapes a person’s cognitive abilities and personal traits. Before the ongoing debate can be explained, it is necessary to understand what nature and nurture actually are. Nature is loosely defined as the genetics one inherits and tendencies that influence development. Many things in an individual are hereditary, for instance; gender, disease, height, eye color,Read MoreThe Murder Of The Clutter Family1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthe course of six years bringing this narrative together, Capote began taking drugs and drinking heavily due to the dark nature of the book. Truman Capote tells the true story of a family murdered in In Cold Blood, through character analysis and symbolism to prove nature is a stronger force than nature in shaping a person’s character. Capote expresses his idea of nature vs. nurture in Dick Hickock and Perry Smith and whether killers are born or made. With this in mind, he writes, â€Å"Dick became convincedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate ove r which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreThe Film Mind Of A Rampage Killer1475 Words   |  6 Pageshighlighting a mix of nature and nurture ranging from neurologists from Harvard studying brain patterns affected by genetics, to psychologists studying maternal care and attachment during infancy. For example, the documentary presents the discussion of research studying rats which suggests that baby rats that were frequently licked by their mother grew up to be calmer and gentler. Yet, if their mother was more distant in the babies’ infancy, the rats were observed as having higher blood pressure and higherRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1360 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture Nature versus nurture is a complicated subject to speak about. If one’s abilities or lack of are due to their environment or their genes. For example, a child is behaving negatively in class. Many individuals are quick to jump to the conclusion that â€Å"Oh, that kid’s parents don’t care, or just don’t know how to raise their child.† That could very well be a possibility, but most people never think that maybe they have a hereditary problem, such as ADHD, that was passed

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case Free Essays

The sudden increase of the production complexity, in seat volumes and variations, made some evident flaws in the production capabilities of Toyota’s Georgetown production plant. The root problem TMM facing is lack of coordination and planning within the companies’ departments as well with its supplier KFS. For the supplier KFS, TMM didn’t assess their practical production capacity before launching new models. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the sudden change of production volume due to new modifications caused a series of problems in supply quality and timing. The frequent change of demand from TMM made KFS hard to respond and fulfill the orders. As the quality issue of seats occurred, it indicated that KFS was not ready to produce the new model seats with a high volume and to meet demand of variations. The JIT production strategy doesn’t allow supply issues, but in practice, TMM left the vehicles with problematic seats instead of shutting down the production line to avoid high cost, which against traditional TPS. As a result, a greater negative impact on the production line was created, such as more vehicles without seats stuck at overflow area. Additional to the supply issues, the workers in the Georgetown plant were not well trained for assembling new models as well. When they found defective parts, TMM failed to follow up the solutions of such problems; delay in response also made the same problems to occur frequently. On the other hand, overtime became another issue due to low quality work. In the long run, our recommendation to TMM is to setup a cross functional team in order to manage the projects related to the production of new vehicle models. Doing so will lead TMM to a better communication along the different departments and with its suppliers as well. Sharing forecasts and design of future parts in advance with suppliers will improve the production efficiency. Cooperation in design with the supplier will decrease the defective rate in parts production such as the car seats. It is also highly recommended to build up an in-house training program to coach workers to assemble new models appropriately. Workers will be more capable to solve the problem by themselves after training. TMM needs to go back to the TPS and try to solve problems on the line instead of leaving them away. In the short run, TMM should give more time to KFS to fulfill the order, and when the problem occurred, it is better for them to solve together. Reviewing and tracing the problematic parts are necessary; the new team should focus on the complaints from bottom workers, and then give the information back to suppliers (KFS) as soon as possible. In this way, it is much easier to ensure the quality of new arrival parts and in case of the same problem occur again. How to cite Toyota Motor Manufacturing Case, Papers

Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: The current study aims to discuss the various aspects of the application of the mobile technology in the field of the supply chain management. All the advantages and challenges of the mobile technology, which is being applied in the supply chain management is being discussed along with the ways that can be adopted to implement the latest mobile technology in the supply chain management. A case study of the study of Wal-Mart Company is also mentioned in the report, which helps to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the application of the mobile technology in the supply chain management. It is essential for a company to have proper infrastructure, which is needed to imply the mobile technology in their respective supply chain management. The proper methods and guidelines, which is needed to apply the mobile based technology in the supply chain management is also discussed in this report. Mobile technology in Supply Chain Management: The supply chain management is one of the key areas of business, which needs to be improved for faster delivery of goods and services. The private business organizations need to improve the performance of the supply chain management for better output yields. It is essential to have better operational and strategy management, of the supply chain management with the help of the latest mobile technology. According to Stadtler (2015), the mobile phone technology is one of the main elements, which is implemented to improve the performance of the supply chain management of the company. Heizer and Barry (2013), have mentioned the importance of integration of the supply chain management that will help to improve the performance of the business. There also need to strong connection within the elements of the supply chain management, which help in the process of coordination and also help to monitor the movement of the products and also track the exact location. According to Brandenburg et al., (2014), there are main eight steps, which are involved in the process of supply chain management. These steps are processed by the Global Supply Chain Forum and include the following steps: Management of the customer relationship Management of customer service management Management of Demand Fulfillment of Order Management of flow of manufacture Procurement Commercialization and Development of product Returns With the application of the mobile based technology it is possible to improve the performance and pace, which is involved in all the process supply chain management. The use of the technology will also help to reduce the cost process, which is involved in the entire process of supply chain operation (Talk, 2016). It is also possible for the company to maintain a good level of relationship with all the clients and therefore helps to improve the satisfaction level. Figure 1: Supply Chain Management (Source: Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani, 2016) Objective The objective of the mobile based technology in the operation of the supply chain management will help in the process of reduce the time of delivery and also the cost involved in the process of operations supply chain. It also aims at providing fast and accurate information necessary for the operation process. Figure 2: Objective of Supply Chain Management (Source: Greiner, 2015) Benefits of mobile technology in supply chain management The involvement of the mobile technology in the logistics and the supply chain management has become widely popular in all forms of business in the modern days. According to Mangan, Lalwani and Lalwani (2016), the resource of the mobile technology has helped to improve the integration process of the steps, which is involved in the supply chain management. This process of integration of the mobile phone technology will help in the operation process of the supply chain management. All the major business organizations are highly dependent on the use of the mobile technology for the performance of the supply chain management. The major benefits of the mobile technology within the supply and the logistics chain management have helped to reduce the cost and also improve the flow of the product movement. The functionality of the mobile device has also been enhanced due to the improvement of the internet and GPS service. The coverage of the mobile data service also have been widen with the help of the better bandwidth and broadband speed. The availability of the internet service also has been increased in the many remote and local areas. With the help of better internet and bandwidth service, it is possible to track the movement and the exact location of the product. The customer relationship management, which is one of the key elements of the supply chain management. With the help of better tracking and implementation of the mobile technology, it is possible improve the interaction of the between the back-ends of an organization (Greiner, 2015). The management of the schedule and routing process of the movement of the product can be monitored with the help of the application of the mobile technology. The use of the mobile PCs can help to improve the functionality of the business process and also help them to overcome the limitations, which exists in the operation management of the organization. The use of the mobile PCs can also help to make full use of the GPS navigation system, and thereby make accurate track and movement of the companys vehicle. This will help the managers of the supply and logistics department to make plan for the route of movement of the products. This will help to improve the technical ability of the logistics department and also ensure that the response time of action is faster in case of emergency and crisis like situation. Hazen et al.,(2014), have mentioned about the storing of the information, which can be achieved with the help of application of mobile technology and mobile PCs. The detail information regarding the movement of the product can also be stored and be used to for future reference. The information related to the inventory of the product is stored immediately after its delivery to the respective clients. The executive of the business organization can get the view of the real-time operation related of the use of the supply chain management. This helps them to get the idea rated to the statics of the company and thereby make necessary changes in the long-term planning process. The level of accuracy of the supply chain management can also be improved by making better planning access. They can also prioritize the tasks related to the level of urgency and also make necessary changes to reduce the time of delivery of the products. Hsu et al., (2013), have mentioned with the help of the application of the mobile technology, it is possible to monitor the statics related to the supply chain from any palace. Hence, the managers can track the movement even after leaving the office workplace. This helps them in the process of making quick and effective decisions and thereby reduces the time of the delivery as all the related issues can be resolved in short span of time. Challenges and of Mobile technology and supply chain management With the help of the mobile technology in supply chain management it is possible improve the reputation of the business. According to Gilmour (2013), the lack of basic level of knowledge within the operational management of an organization, is one of the major barriers and challenges in the process of implementation. There is also the risks, inaccuracy and wrong information, which is involved in the process of mobile data application. The integration process and mobile technology and supply chain department may not be economically helpful for the small and medium scale business firms. Moreover, the lack of collaboration between all the departments of the company can also help to reduce the scale at which, the process of mobile technology is implemented within the supply chain management. Schnsleben (2016), have added the lack of collaboration with the suppliers and malfunction within the distribution system of the company is also one of the major barriers faced by a company. There are also several technical challenges, which are involved in the process software support implementation. This is a major challenge for the older style of business, which is highly dependent on the manual process. According to Jacobs, Chase and Lummus (2014), more than 51% of the large scale companies all across the world have included the application of the mobile based technology as one of the major elements of the Enterprise Resource Planning process. The rate of successful of the integration process of the mobile technology in the Enterprise planning process is merely 33%, which includes the use of mobile PCs in the supply chain department. There is also the risk of failure, while applying change in the supply chain management. The lack of skills within the workers and level of motivation are also few of the main reasons for the cause of failure in the implementation process (Ross, 2016). The challenge faced is also faced during the time of investment at the supply chain management. The risk of financial loss is also one of the major areas of concern at this case. In the rural and the remote areas, the lack of proper technological infrastructure is also one of the major areas of challenges faced by all the major companies. Even after the proper implementation of the mobile technology there are following challenges faced by a company: Decrease in the level of income Reduce of the market share and disadvantage in the competitive market due to the complication involved in the operation management process. The failure of the application of the technology will cause failure in the overall process of the supply chain and thereby the product will be failed to reach the destination. The implementation process can raise the level of expectation of the customers as they expect to get faster delivery of the products. Hence, there is a risk of lowering the level of customer satisfaction (Ellram Cooper, 2014). The failure of the operation of the information system will involve the risks of spreading of false and inaccurate information related to the tracking system. Ways to apply mobile technology in the supply Chain Management Li (2013), has suggested the use of Mobile Resource Management for proper implementation of the process of mobile technology in the supply chain management. The mobile resource management helps to manage the challenges faced by all the major companies to deal with the challenges in the technological infrastructure. Few of the major steps involved in the process of mobile resource management to deal with the elements of supply chain management. Hardware implementation: These steps involve gathering all the major hardware components needed for the implementation process of mobile PC technology. Connectivity: This is the second most important part of the implication of the mobile technology. The internet connectivity is essential for communication and gathering information for the process of supply chain management. Data Server: The companies need to use proper data server, which will help in the connectivity with the internet. The companies can also use the personal server, which will help to get higher bandwidth speed. GIS data: The Geographic Information Data can be used to process data and ensure that the GPS navigation system can work perfectly to track precise location of the data related to the supply chain management. Decision making and Reporting Software: The decision making process in the implementation process needs to be effective, which will help to deal with changes that occurs after the implementation process of mobile technology. On the other hand, the reporting software will help to gather information related to the supply chain management. With the help of correct and accurate information, it is possible make precise decision related to the investment need in the mobile technology application (Adams et al., 2014). Exploring the Impact of radio frequency identification (RFID) in Supply chain of Wal-Mart According to Fernie and Sparks (2014), the RFID technology has the potential to improve the performance of the supply chain management by improving the tracking efficiency and speed of product delivery. The implementation of RFID in the delivery system of Wal-Mart has reported to improve the service at the inventory level by 70%. The supply service also improved by 96 to 99% as the cost of the supply chain has been reduced. The government of the United Sates has invested $1 billion in the implementation of the infrastructure involved in the process of RFID. The Wal-Mart is considered to be one of the major pioneers, who are involved in the process of implementation of the RFID technology and in the year of 2005, the company has implemented the this technology while making negations with first 100 suppliers of the company. The success of the RFID technology has resulted accelerated growth of the supply chain. There was nearly 10% reduction in the total numbers of manual orders after t he implementation of the RFID in the supply chain process. The output stocks of Wal-Mart also reduced by 16% after the successful adaptation of RFID technology. The stocks of the retail stores were also replenished three times faster compared to that of the previous times. The lead time also were reduced with the help of this technology, which has helped in the faster delivery of the products by 15%. The management of Wal-Mart can share the information related to the supply chain with the stakeholders and ensure that they have the authority to make sure that they maintain clarity and thereby improve upon the trustworthy level. The suppliers of the Wal-Mart can also use the information in the RFID in making the decisions related to the supply chain management. Nevertheless, the use of the RFID technology has its limitations and drawbacks due to the lack of proper funding in the mobile technology department. Wal-Mart and all other major companies prefer to use this technology in the form of pilot project which will help them to measure the cost-effective ratio of the implementation of the project. Infrastructure for Information technology The information technologys application in the supply chain depends on the level of infrastructure, which is being provided. The electronic supply chain receives the data required in the process with the help of the latest digital technology. The high level of infrastructure is required to deliver the products as well as to update the information needed for operational management of the supply chain. The synchronization of the payment and the billing information is also an important part of the electronic based supply chain. According to Hofmann et al., (2014), an array of reliable and compatible software is needed to support the hardware components of the supply chain management. Data Security With the rise in the total number of cybercrimes, the data security has been one of the major areas of concern for the supply chain management. It is essential that the sensitive information, which has been passed through the use of the mobile based technology, gets high level of security. The appropriate security measures need to be used by the supply chain experts in order to deal with the increased number of cyber theft in the present days. The high level of security calls, virus protection and firewalls are applied in order to ensure high level of security. Strategy The strategy for the implication of mobile technology in the supply chain needs to be implemented based on the challenges faced by an organization. The main strategy of the business organization involves reduction of the cost, which is involved in the supply chain and also improves upon the level of customer satisfaction and relation. With the help of the appropriate strategy it is possible to create new opportunities for the business by expanding the market share. Considerations The investment in the application of mobile technology in the supply chain department may not produce immediate returns. However, in the long-term planning process, it is possible to overcome all the major challenges, which are involved in the process of integration of IT and supply chain management (Qrunfle Tarafdar, 2014). However, it is essential for all business organization to consider the importance of the use of mobile technology in the supply chain department. Conclusion The use of the mobile technology is one of the significant parts of the supply chain management during the present times. The major benefit of the application is reduction of cost and time, which is involved in the supply chain and therefore helps in the faster mode of delivery. Hence, the lead time involved in the delivery of a product can be reduced. It is also possible to exactly the track the location of the products, and get accurate information. The lack of proper IT infrastructure is one of the major challenges faced by the business organization in the implementation of mobile technology. There is also lot of capital required in the process of implementation and the risks of the failure can decrease the reputation of an organization. It is essential for all the companies to adopt proper measures to ensure that all the major process for the application of the mobile technology is executed in the proper manner. Wal-Mart has been successfully imply the RFID technology in the supply chain department and is one of the leading examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the mobile technology. It is essential for all the major business organization to follow the proper steps involved in the process implementation of mobile technology in the supply chain, which involves setting up the required along with providing proper data security system. References Adams, F. G., Richey, R. G., Autry, C. W., Morgan, T. R., Gabler, C. B. (2014). Supply chain collaboration, integration, and relational technology: how complex operant resources increase performance outcomes.Journal of Business Logistics,35(4), 299-317. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Ellram, L. M., Cooper, M. C. (2014). Supply chain management: It's all about the journey, not the destination.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 8-20. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Gilmour, P. (2013). Benchmarking supply chain operations.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Greiner, M. (2015).Automotive Supply Chain Management in the Internet of Things. GRIN Verlag. Hazen, B. T., Boone, C. A., Ezell, J. D., Jones-Farmer, L. A. (2014). Data quality for data science, predictive analytics, and big data in supply chain management: An introduction to the problem and suggestions for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,154, 72-80. Heizer, R., Barry, R. (2013).Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Hofmann, H., Busse, C., Bode, C., Henke, M. (2014). Sustainability?related supply chain risks: conceptualization and management.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(3), 160-172. Hsu, C. W., Kuo, T. C., Chen, S. H., Hu, A. H. (2013).Using DEMATEL to develop a carbon management model of supplier selection in green supply chain management.Journal of cleaner production,56, 164-172. Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., Lummus, R. R. (2014).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Education. Li, L. (2013). Technology designed to combat fakes in the global supply chain.Business Horizons,56(2), 167-177. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Lalwani, C. L. (2016).Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Qrunfleh, S., Tarafdar, M. (2014). Supply chain information systems strategy: Impacts on supply chain performance and firm performance.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 340-350. Ross, D. F. (2016).Introduction to supply chain management technologies.CRC Press. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Talk, O. M. (2016). Operations management. Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: This report is about the role of technology and information in the supply chain management of the organization. The mobile technologies and the supply chain management play a very vital role in the success of the organization because it will help to provide the best ways of checking the stock delivered and to find out the best resource available. As we know in todays world the people and the organizations are greatly relied on the computers and software to run their business successfully. Many of the companies are implementing mobile technologies to improve the organizational operations and to increase the response of the customers. In the current report, I will be identifying the issues and the impact of the peoples digital supply chain management. The information technology is adopted by the companies on a very large scale. The main objectives of this report are as described below in some points: - To explain the role of technology in supply chain management and its impact on SCM Mobile technologies in Supply chain Management Impact of mobile technologies on the supply chain and organization operations. This report will cover all the important aspects like the initiatives taken by the IT and their implementation, Impact and challenges of mobile technology on the SCM. The technology has positive as well negative impacts on the business operations. Supply Chain Management A successful supply chain management is very important for the companies to make a different position in the market. The supply chain Management is the process of gaining advantage by making new position in the market in the world of competition. It is very important to understand the concept of supply chain management. The supply chain management is defined by the council of professionals as the process of planning and managing all the operations related to the sourcing and supplying of stock and the activities related to logistics. In simple words, the supply chain management refers to the process of controlling the flow of raw materials from the suppliers to the end users. Information is the key part, on the basis of which the supply chain managers take decisions. The main objective of IT is to provide the information and enables the supply chain partners collaboration and coordination. The decision support is the key role of technology in supply chain management as it contains to ols used to gain and analyze the information to improve the working of the supply chain. Managers must understand how to analyze and use that information because technology consists of hardware and software (Paulraj Paulraj, 2009). The functional roles of technology in Supply chain are divided into 3 parts which are: Transaction execution, Collaboration and coordination and Decision support. Transaction execution is done with the help of knowledge and information between the partners of supply chain though the cost effective flow of information. The collaboration and coordination among the partners is very important and possible because of the sharing of accurate information. It acts as a support to decisions because the analytical skills or powers of the electronic devices used to provide help to take all the important management decisions (Moharana, 2010). For Example, with the improvisation of mobile technology and evolution of various digital techniques, the art of recording has taken a shift. The documents that were earlier stored as heavy paper files and now stored as a PDF and word documents and find their places in peoples laptops, pen drives, hard disks and even their mobile phones. As we know that the model of supply chain involves customers, retailers, distributers, suppliers manufactures and service providers and sharing of the information among all these partners is important for the better performance of the supply chain. There are many initiatives taken by the IT in supply chain management and these initiatives are: Development of smart phones Modern business models Online Transaction on the phone Internet and web services (R.Nair Raju, 2008). Mobile technology and Supply Chain Management Mobile technology plays crucial role as it has changed the lifestyle of people and also make a difference in the everyday business and the mobile technology is used by all the modern business. The performance of business activities is improved because of the increase in the number of mobile phones in the world and internet access regardless of the location of the users. The business is being rapidly replaced by the electronic environment because of the continuous improvements in mobile technology. From the era of 2000, the mobile phone industry has drastically taken a 360 degree change and many new applications and software have been introduced and web interactivity has increased and has reached at a next level to make it convenient for people. It is very easy to access every website on our mobile phones and we dont have to go at every place to get our work done and we can do our transactions sitting at homes through our mobile phones. The advancement has taken place in all the aspects in the mobile industry. The mobile phones were very simple in older days and now they are completely functional and can be used for various purposes. They have become so handy and light. They have all the features which the computers or laptops have these days. In 1990, the innovation of 2G took place, but it did not gain popularity during that year, but in the year 2005, it gained tremendous publicity and then 3G came into a market which has become very important now a days. In 2010, almost 60% of smart phone users use the 3G network as it is fast and convenient. It has become important for faster business transactions and now the trend of 4G has arrived which will take a few more years to gain publicity and for wider usage. This has made communication very easier and every country is focusing on improving its networks and better smart phones so that they can support the latest internet connection. At that point of time it was the first real mobile phone though in todays world, there are a huge number of mobile phones. Initially, the mobile phones were only meant for business, but not very famous for private use, but now it has gained enormous publicity and its use for personal purposes has also been widened. A case study of Lewis using mobile Technology Lewis, who owns a mobile company takes his company to an altogether new level by using advanced technology. It is very essential for any organization, to cope up with the changing environment in order to survive in the market. The introduction of new mobile technology reduces the cost and improves the productivity. Lewis has expanded his business to the next level and has performed phenomenally. He started his business from scratch and grew his business into a chain of eleven retail stores. The first four shops were opened from scratch, but in January 2014, Lewis bought PhoneBits, a group of three outlets, which he intends to operate under the Azzaz brand. Lewis is planning to set his foot in European market and has decided to open a warehouse in East of England and support the business by adding the element of ecommerce. Lewis wants to do this with nominal additional overheads (UES Team, 2013). Lewis plans to add b2c eCommerce functionality in business in order to make the two IT sy stems of Azzaz and PhoneBits work in harmony. Traditional versus modern approach- The traditional approach includes a huge number of intermediaries which makes reaching the product from manufacturer to consumer very slow which leads to wastage of time and customers have to wait for quite some time which is proved frustrating for customers as per the surveys done. On the other side, modern approach has reduced the number of intermediaries which has reduced the time, which is generally consumed in the traditional approach. In the traditional approach of commerce, there are many intermediating people like wholesalers, distributors, retailers between manufacturer and consumer. In B2C approach, manufacturers are able to sell the products directly to customers. This system of reduction of business layering which is responsible for intermediary functions is known as Disintermediation. However, in the business owned by Lewis, he is not the manufacturer he is only a retailer so instead of involving other intermediaries, he can directly b uy the product from the manufacturers which will not add to the cost (Rigby, 2015). Online transactions - The online purchasing in todays era has proved very beneficial. Lewis has planned to add a tint of ecommerce to reduce the time spent by customers on visiting the stores in person. However, Lewis wants to make the system flawless and wants to address all the queries which they face while purchasing the product online. (Addo-Tenkorang Helo, 2011). Impact of Mobile Technology on Supply chain management This report explains how the mobile technology makes the supply chain management more efficient, customer focused and agile. To understand the supply chain management the Micheal porter introduced a model that focuses on the seven dimensions which are customers, production systems, suppliers, logistics, HR and information technology. There are many benefits as well as challenges faced by the organization while adapting the digital techniques. The implementation of technological innovation creates competitive advantage because of the improvement in costs, quality of product as well as the access to information. Digital customers: - The mobile has a great impact in understanding the needs of customers by offering them digital product and customer services. This is possible by generating the online shopping websites through which the buying behavior of the customers can be easily identified. Trend mining becomes very easy with this approach. The challenge faced by this is that there are still some of the people resides who are unaware about the technology so those customers needs cannot be identified (Kearney, 2015). Digital archives and record managements: - There is a need to record the information of day to day transactions. Hence, Azzaz has adopted database management system in order to avoid any overlapping. This system makes the information properly stored and organized so that it can be easily accessed by the people who want the information. The end users have the power to create, edit, modify and delete and update the data. The DBMS takes care of three important elements: the data, the database engine that helps the people to access the data, secure it and edit it and the third is database schema, which explains what the logical structure of the database is. Improves productivity: - The implementation of the digital tools helps to improve the productivity of the goods as the most of the small activities now can be performed electronically like managing the information and data, entering of data of stock, etc. are now easily done by the digital way as a result of which the production houses now can focus more on the quality of product without any burden. Development of Mobile technology leads to tracking of Staff: - The adoption of the mobile technologies helps in improving the performance of the staff members through the various training and development programs to motivate them by informing them about their performance and shortcoming. This is possible only because of the tracking of the workforce by adopting the technologies. In todays era, every second person owns mobile phones and most of them are smart phones which affects the news production as well as news consumption. Every mobile phone has features of videos, photos, etc. to capture the news and disseminate it. The mobile phones are used by public to capture the news and send it to the respective channels to scatter the news worldwide. People have started taking interest in sharing the news with the public at large. The sources explain different types of aspects in which news is produced using mobile phones. The people who are at the site accidently and who are amateur send the data which is raw in nature and not at all refined (Pfohl, Yahsi, Kurnaz, 2015). Decision Making Support: - The Mobile technology in supply chain management helps in taking the best decisions for the optimal outcomes or to achieve the goals of the organization. The decision in the supply chain management is totally dependent on the changing environment and use of mobile technology by the customers. Conclusion The report demonstrates mobile technology initiatives that are currently working in the organization like online transactions, mobile phones and Internet, etc. and these all techniques proved best for the largest organization as they help to reduce the cost, time, efforts. It is vital that the mobile technologies in Supply chain management should be adequately maintained and preserved. Thus, according to my point of view, Shopify is the best software for Azzaz since it has many suitable advantages with fewer disadvantages. These can be summarized. Shopify covers many features and will help Azzaz manage and launch an online store. It also doesn't require any technical or complicated coding skills to get started and the software will grow as Azzaz grows. This also covers one important facility that is offline sales with the Shopify POS system. Shopify also offers telephonic customer support service and that too 24*7 and also through email and live chat. As a result, the implementation of the innovative techniques in supply chain management has made our lives simpler cannot be denied. The similarity between the functioning of the two has made their management simpler. No doubt, with the advancement of technology, preserving ones data has become as simple as any other day to day act. References Addo-Tenkorang, R., Helo, P. (2011). 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