The Pros and Cons of Ecotourism - 2138 Words

The pros and cons of Ecotourism 1. Introduction Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that protect the environment and improve the welfare of local people (International Ecotourism Society (TIES), 2005). It also follow certain principles such as minimize impact, build environmental and cultural respect, provide financial benefits to local people (TIES, n.d.). Global ecotourism began in 1990, and has been growing 20-34% per year, especially in 2004, ecotourism was growing globally 3 times faster than the tourism industry as a whole; with continuous growth, and ecotourism will occupy 25% of the world travel market within six years (TIES, 2005). Ecotourism has advantages and disadvantages. It can contribute to a†¦show more content†¦According to the research in Chicanab, Guatemala, the hosting family required to buy foam pads for tourists to sleep on and need to have a slightly separated space for tourists including a table and bed (Bascomb amp; Taylor, 2008). For hotels, environmental alternatives are easily viewed as drop in standards, the hotels have to provide recycled paper, soap dispensers, towel re-usage, and they may cannot satisfying their customers greatly. Another drawback of developing ecotourism is the potential for ‘leakage’, the loss of income from the host country to international investors and foreign-run tour companies (Fennell, 1999; Honey, 1999). This seems that the biggest beneficiary is not the host country but the foreign investors. 3. The impact to Environment. Ecotourism is regarded as responsible tourism in natural areas able to facilitate conservation objectives and able to promote environmentally sustainable development and conservation (Tisdell amp; Wilson, 2005). However, there is also a risk that human activities may harm to the local species. 3.1 The positive impact to environment. The development of ecotourism improved local people and visitors’ environmental awareness. Bascomb and Taylor (2008) claimed that the hosting family in Chicanab, Guatemala, agreed to discontinue slash and burn agriculture, farmers now practice crop rotation and use animalShow MoreRelated Ecotourism in South American Countries Essay3767 Words   |  16 PagesEcotourism in South American Countries Synopsis: We are living in a world that tends to put developed nations against indigenous peoples. Foreign developers seeking cheap labor and natural resources on untouched lands are exploiting cultures that have survived for centuries on their own. South America is a continent that possesses rich indigenous culture that is still relatively untouched by outsiders. 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Taxation Law and Practice Business Taxpayer

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law and Practice for Business Taxpayer. Answer: Arthur Murray (NSW) Pty Ltd V FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 Facts The taxpayer was carrying on a business of teaching dancing lessons. The taxpayer offered a discount to student in order to encourage them for providing prepayment of tuition fees. This prepaid tuition fees received by the taxpayers are placed in the suspense account. This suspense account was described as unearned deposit- untaught lessons account by the taxpayer. Then after providing the dance classes, the taxpayer transferred the appropriate amount of relevant fees for tuition provided from suspense account to revenue account. The agreement between the taxpayer and the students expressly provided that no refund would be provided for the prepaid of tuition fees. However, the general practice is that taxpayer would refund fees of the student if not all the lessons are provided (French, 2013). The taxpayer did not treat the prepaid tuition fees as income derived until the tuition is completely provided to the student. Though the fees were received in advance, the taxpayer did not include it in the assessable income. Therefore the assessable income of the taxpayer only included tuition fees for which dancing lessons have been provided during the relevant year. The commissioner of Income tax calculated the assessable income on receipt basis (Kenny, 2013). The commissioner of Tax included the prepaid fees in the taxpayers assessable income as per section 25(1) of the ITA Act 1936 in the year in which the fees are received and not based on actual year of providing the tuition. Issue The issue in this case before the court was to determine whether the assessable income of the taxpayer should include the tuition fees received in advance in the year in which the tuition was provided or in the year the fees were received (Barnett Harder, 2014). Conclusion The high court held that the taxpayer derived the fees from the tuition in the year the tuition was provided and not in the year in which the fees were received. The general rule is that if the fees are received in advance for services that are not yet provided then such receipt should not be regarded as the income of the taxpayer in the year of receipt (Gaal, 2013). There was an agreement between the taxpayer and the student that the fees received in advance will not be refunded. In normal practice, however the taxpayer refunded the fees where the student did not take all the lessons. Therefore, it was further held by the court that the taxpayer could not include this receipt in advance as income because there is a possibility that the fees can be refunded by the tax payer if the tuitions is not provided (Lynch 2016). a) (i) The ITA Act 1997 in section 6-5 states that the assessable income of the taxpayer should include income derived during the income year. The section 6-5(4) of the act further states that it is considered as income derived when the amount is received by the taxpayer or is received by anyone on behalf of the taxpayer. There are generally two commonly used methods for recognizing income in tax accounting this are receipts methods and earning methods. The taxpayer should choose the method that is appropriate for recognizing the particular kind of income in that income year (Ferran Ho, 2014). That method is considered as appropriate if the method reflects substantially the correct income in that income year. In Para 19 of the Taxation Ruing 98/1, the general rule is that a receipt method is considered appropriate if the income is derived from investments, income derived by employee and other non business income (Courtney 2014). The general rule is that earning methods is considered approp riate when the incomes are derived from the trading or manufacturing business as per Para 20 of the TR 98/1. In most cases, earning method is considered as the most appropriate method of determining income for the purpose of tax. (ii) In the given case, RIP Pty Ltd is a private company carrying on the business of funeral director. The company for the year ended 30 June 2016 reported a profit of $2.45 million. It mainly earned its revenue from funeral services and it collected fees from customer under different options (Carter 2013). The different sources and methods through which company collected its fees are given below: It received fees by issuing net30 days invoice to the customer; It also received fees from external insurance companies by issuing net 30 day invoice; It received fees from RIP finance Pty ltd that provides credit under an installment repayment plan; It received fees from contribution by customers in easy future plan; The general rule is that business income derived is most appropriately reflected in earning method. In case of PIP Pty Ltd, the income is derived as soon as service is provided and should be immediately recognized as revenue. It is the general procedure of the company that after providing the service it raises a net 30 days invoice. It would be inappropriate on the part of the company to actually wait for receiving the fees before recognizing it as revenue. This is because as per the earning method income is derived as the service is provided therefore revenue should be immediately recognized (Matthews Malek, 2012). The company also receives fees from a scheme of easy future plan. Under this scheme, the company receives fees in advance and undertakes to provide funeral service in future. The fees are non-refundable and in case of defaulting members, these fees are transferred Forfeited payment accounts. As the fees are forfeited for discontinuing members so the company does not have any liability for providing the services so this should be immediately recognized as income. Therefore based on the overall analysis it can be concluded that in case of RIP Pty Ltd income is derived as the funeral service is provided (Thwaites, 2014). (b) In the case of Arthur Murray, it was held by the court that the taxpayer derives income in the year the service is provided. The case also that as per the general rule the fees received in advance for providing a service is recognized as income in the year the service is actually provided. The RIP Pty Ltd in the easy future plan receives fees in advance and undertakes to perform the funeral service in future (Beverwijk, 2015). The company treats in its accounts the fees received in advance under the easy future plan as income in the year in which the advance is received. As the circumstances in the case of Arthur Murray and the situation of RIP limited in easy future plan is almost similar so the principles of Arthur Murray applies in the accounting treatment of amounts in easy future plan. According to the principle of Arthur Murray the company should not include the advance fees received under the plan as income in the year the advance is received but should be treated as income in the year the funeral service are provided (Shetreet Turenne, 2013). (C ) The Taxation Ruling 98/1 states that for the purpose of section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 there are two methods of accounting for tax for items of income. These two methods of tax accounting are Receipts method and earning method. The receipts method is also referred to as the cash basis or cash received basis. In the receipt method, income is derived in the year in which either the constructive or the actual income is received (Ramlogan, 2013). The section 6-5(4) of the ITA Act 1997 also provides that the income will be taken as derived although it is not actually paid over to the taxpayer but is dealt by someone else on the behalf of the tax payer. Another method for accounting for tax is earning method, which is also referred to as accrual method or cash and credit method. In this method, income is derived when it is earned and a recoverable debt is created. The recoverable debt refers to the time in which the taxpayer can legally ascertain the amount as the task that was required to b e performed under the agreement has been performed completely (Woellner et al. 2016). Therefore based on above discussion it can be said that the taxpayer and the commissioner has two choices in the method of accounting for tax and they can chose the method that appropriately reflects the income for the purpose of tax. ii. The RIP Pty Ltd receives fees in advance under easy future plan. If a customer fails to continue the fees until it is completely paid then the company forfeits the partial fees received. The forfeited fees are transferred to a separate account called Forfeited payment account. As the fees are not completely paid so, the company does not have any liability to provide services (Tiley Loutzenhiser, 2012). Therefore, as the fees are non-refundable and the company does not have any liability to provide services in case of incomplete fees based on this circumstances it is advised that the company should treat the forfeited amount as income in the year the amount is actually forfeited. The company for tax treatment should treat the balance of $16200.00 in forfeited payment account as income. Part B As per section, 70-10 of the ITA Act 1997 trading stock means anything that is acquired, produced or manufactured and it is used for the purpose of sale, manufacture or exchange in the ordinary course of business. In order to understand the nature of trading stock it is important to note that trading stock does not include a financial agreement or a CGT asset. In section, 70-25 of the ITA act 1997 it is further provided that the amount incurred should not be of capital nature. In the given case, the RIP purchased caskets and accessories, which are used by the company in its ordinary course of business so it should be treated as trading stock for the tax purpose. The amount incurred for purchase of trading stock is deductible under general deduction as per section 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997. The section 70-15 of the ITA Act 1997 states that amount incurred for the purchase of trading stock should be deducted under general expense in the year in which the item of trading stock becomes part of the stock on hand of the company. In the given case, RIP paid in advance in June 2016 for stock to be delivered in August 2016 that is next income year. In section, 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997 it is stated that the taxpayer can obtain general deduction for outgoing incurred to the extent it is necessary to carry on a business for producing assessable income (Burkhauser et al., 2015). The prepayment payment made by RIP for purchase of trading stock should be treated as advance and not as expense because the item of stock will be delivered in next income and the outgoing incurred does not produce as an assessable income as on 30 June 2016. Therefore, it can be con cluded that the amount of $25000.00 should be treated as advance for the purpose of tax in the income year 30 June 2016. ii The section 6-5 of the ITA Act 1997 states that assessable income of a resident taxpayer will include ordinary income received from any source within or outside Australia. The dividend received is therefore taxable in the hands of the RIP. As the dividends are fully franked so the company will receive franking credit. The section 100-25 of the ITA Act 1997 provides a general definition and list of CGT assets but the advance payment made for rental of storage space is not a capital asset. Therefore prepaid amount of rent should be treated as advance payment and the rent for four months should be treated as a general expense under section 8 of the ITAA Act 1997. The section 83-80 of the ITA Act 1997 states that if the taxpayer receives unused long service leave then it should be included in the assessable income of the taxpayer. In the given case as RIP paid a three months advance for long service leave it should deducted it as expense on 30 June 2016 and not treat it as advance as the expense will increase the companys profit for tax purpose will decrease (Harris, 2013). iii The section 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997 provides that a taxpayer can claim general deductions for amount for producing assessable income. The section 100-25 provides a list of CGT assets that includes land and building. Therefore, expenses paid in relation to land and buildings are not allowed as general deduction but should be included as capital expenditure. The expenses incurred for equipments, for constructing onsite parking, for landscaping should be included in the capital expenditure, and are not allowed as general deduction under section 8-1 of the act (McKerchar et al., 2013). Reference Barnett, K., Harder, S. (2014).Remedies in Australian Private Law. Cambridge University Press. Beverwijk, J. (2015). Power, To a Point: Is the Power to Add and Remove Discretionary Beneficiaries of a Trust Fiduciary?. Burkhauser, R. V., Hahn, M. H., Wilkins, R. (2015). Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), 181-205. Carter, J. W. (2013).The construction of commercial contracts. Bloomsbury Publishing. Courtney, W. (2014).Contractual Indemnities. Bloomsbury Publishing. Ferran, E., Ho, L. C. (2014).Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. French, R. (2013). Law-complexity and moral clarity.Brief,40(6), 25. Gaal, J. (2013). Small business entity test.CGT Small Business Reliefs: The Comprehensive Practitioner's Handbook, 77. Harris, P. (2013).Corporate tax law: Structure, policy and practice. Cambridge University Press. Kenny, P. L. (2013). Aligning Income Tax Laws with Accounting Rules: A Simplified Tax System Case Study.Available at SSRN 2340888. Lynch, A. (2016).Great Australian Dissents. Cambridge University Press. Matthews, P., Malek, H. M. (2012).Disclosure. Sweet Maxwell. McKerchar, M., Bloomquist, K., Pope, J. (2013). Indicators of tax morale: an exploratory study.eJournal of Tax Research,11(1), 5. Ramlogan, R. (2013).Judicial review in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Routledge. Shetreet, S., Turenne, S. (2013).Judges on Trial: The Independence and Accountability of the English Judiciary(Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press. Thwaites, R. (2014).The Liberty of Non-citizens: Indefinite Detention in Commonwealth Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing. Tiley, J., Loutzenhiser, G. (2012).Revenue Law: Introduction to UK Tax Law; Income Tax; Capital Gains Tax; Inheritance Tax. Bloomsbury Publishing. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.

Management Research - Marks And Spencer Essays -

Management Research - Marks And Spencer Management Past Structure Marks and Spencer used to be structured under a Functional or U-Form design which works by breaking the company into departments like operations, marketing, finance, human resources, and research and development. This design works well with smaller companies but with bigger companies there is too much information for the top manager to handle and deal with. This is exactly what happened to Marks and Spencer. In 1991, Sir Richard Greenbury took over Marks and Spencer for seven years and structured the company to fit the Functional design. He made the company very aristocratic and rigid where by Head office knows best (The Economist). This created an atmosphere where by the company focused on their products instead of focusing on their customers. Although Marks and Spencer grew and made huge profits within this time, in 1998 their profits fell very quickly and sharply. Marks and Spencer closed a chain of stores which they owned in Canada and rumours were spreading that they would also close two chains of stores which they owned in the United States. The combination of Marks and Spencers quick expansions and the aristocratic rule had definite visible implications on Marks and Spencers well-being. The combination of Marks and Spencers aristocratic rule and structure just couldnt handle everything that was going on. Another one of Marks and Spencers weaknesses stemmed from their heavy reliance on inside promotions. The company would hire college students and have them work their way up the ladder. Very rarely did the company hire outside candidate for senior positions. This prevented outside innovations from coming into the organisation. Reformed Structure In 1998 Marks and Spencer needed to do something drastic because it was losing out on its market share and their reputation was going down the tubes. The company decided it was time to restructure. The new structure of Marks and Spencer would be more like the Conglomerate or H-Form design. In this design the organisation is set up basically as a holding company comprised of unrelated products. The new Marks and Spencer would have seven different business units: womens swear, mens wear, lingerie, childrens wear, food, beauty, and home. This would allow the company to create a more flexible structure which could respond to the fast changing environment. This flexible structure would give autonomy to individual business units helping them tailor to their customers better. Marks and Spencer would no longer operate under the head office knows best principle and would give the customers what they really wanted. Another change was also made in the management of the company. At first, Peter Salsbury took over Marks and Spencer after Sir Richard Greensbury resigned and currently Luc Vandevelde heads the company. The companys head management is running under a short term strategy in order to find someone who can lift Marks and Spencer out the hole. Luc Vandevelde came to the company in May 2000 and will stay on for a year unless he can turn the profits around. To help him out, Roger Holmes, an expert in profit turnaround and customer-focused organisational change, will also join Marks and Spencer in January of 2001 as executive director. The only problem facing the two is that neither have much experience in retailing food or clothing so if they cant turn profits around, the company board will look to acquire a top level manager from Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer. Business Essays

hope essays

hope essays Voting, The Best Way to Make Decisions The future of any nation depends on its youth. In order to have effective citizenship, we need to educate our youth. Our youth must be skilled in decision-making. In order for todays students to make successful decisions, they must be educated about their surroundings. Parents and teachers must work together to educate their students about the world they live in, in order for them to have sufficient decision-making skills. In order for students to have effect decision-making skills parents and teachers must teach moral values, how to make informed decisions, and why and how students should be involved in their nations government. If all of these steps are followed voting will become a routine obligation for each citizen. In order to quench the increased thirst to participate in government, more and more citizens will show up at the voting booths. Students must be educated to make informed decisions in the future. The quality of decision-making is a direct result of education. In order to make informed decisions, citizens must be aware of the effects their decisions have on society. By informing students of the effects of their choices, students will learn to make better decisions. These decisions will contribute to the stability of effective citizenship. An example of when decision making skills play a crucial role is voting. Students should have an understanding of the role their vote plays. Teachers and parents will prepare students to make knowledgeable decisions through experience. After all, the decisions students make for-shadow the decisions they will make in the future. The experience students can in consensus building as a result of their schools Shared Decision Making program will be used throughout their entire life. Teachers will encourage students to participate in their schools Shared Decision Making committee. Students participating in the Shared ...

The Difference Between Hard and Soft Water

The Difference Between Hard and Soft Water Youve heard the terms hard water and soft water, but do you know what they mean? Is one type of water somehow better than the other? What type of water do you have? This article looks at the definitions of these terms and how they relate to water in everyday life. Hard Water vs Soft Water Hard water is any water containing an appreciable quantity of dissolved minerals. Soft water is treated water in which the only cation (positively charged ion) is sodium. The minerals in water give it a characteristic taste. Some natural mineral waters are highly sought for their flavor and the health benefits they may confer. Soft water, on the other hand, may taste salty and may not be suitable for drinking. If soft water tastes bad, then why might you use a water softener? The answer is that extremely hard water may shorten the life of plumbing and lessen the effectiveness of certain cleaning agents. When hard water is heated, the carbonates precipitate out of solution, forming scales in pipes and tea kettles. In addition to narrowing and potentially clogging the pipes, scales prevent efficient heat transfer, so a water heater with scales will have to use a lot of energy to give you hot water. Soap is less effective in hard water because it reacts to form the calcium or magnesium salt of the organic acid of the soap. These salts are insoluble and form grayish soap scum, but no cleansing lather. Detergents, on the other hand, lather in both hard and soft water. Calcium and magnesium salts of the detergents organic acids form, but these salts are soluble in water. How to Soften Water Hard water can be softened (have its minerals removed) by treating it with lime or by passing it over an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resins are complex sodium salts. Water flows over the resin surface, dissolving the sodium. The calcium, magnesium and other cations precipitate onto the resin surface. Sodium goes into the water, but the other cations stay with the resin. Very hard water will end up tasting saltier than water that had fewer dissolved minerals. Most of the ions have been removed in soft water, but sodium and various anions (negatively charged ions) still remain. Water can be deionized by using a resin that replaces cations with hydrogen and anions with hydroxide. With this type of resin, the cations stick to the resin and the hydrogen and hydroxide that are released combine to form pure water.

Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership Development - Essay Example Moreover, physicians constitute to twenty percent of the entire hospital board members whilst other supplementary clinicians contribute to approximately five percent. Nurses need to view themselves as fundamental decision makers who are extremely capable of influencing health results (Watts & Gordon, 2012). This process mainly entail undertaking campaign that mainly foster engagements of the well trained nurses to public policy and corresponding health care association boards mainly at the state and national levels. There ought to be leadership at each level that will mainly incorporate program for engaging staff nursing and empowering floor nurses thus advancing patient care (Watts & Gordon, 2012). The alterations ought to be tested over certain duration and implemented in case they prove to be helpful. Moreover, the program has advanced patient results encompassing eradication within falls with harms and corresponding 30-day hospital readmission rates. There is a massive chance of transforming culture of the health care when the nurses are better equipped and capable to mainly practice and enact full degree of their underlying education and

The ways in whih characters adapt to the changing circumstances of Essay

The ways in whih characters adapt to the changing circumstances of their lives - Essay Example In John Steinbecks novel, East ÃŽ ¿f Eden, the characters are unusual, realistic, and interesting, all which contribute to the appeal ÃŽ ¿f the novel. These characters appeal to the reader, and the reader is able to sympathize with most characters, from the most upstanding citizen to the ruthless seductress. Faye, although the owner ÃŽ ¿f a whorehouse, is depicted a respectable, honourable woman, by the description Steinbeck gives her. Although she owns a whorehouse, she has made it the cleanest, and in many ways, the best whorehouse ÃŽ ¿f all the others around her. Steinbeck regards her as being a good citizen, and a moral person. All ÃŽ ¿f the girls who work in her whore house respect Faye, and look up to her. As the interaction between Kathy and Faye persist, many ÃŽ ¿f the girls who work at Fayes become fearful ÃŽ ¿f her safety. Kathy slowly poisons Faye, and when Faye dies, the tone at the whorehouse drastically changes, as the girls become more suspicious ÃŽ ¿f Kate. Faye, being the good person that she was, loved Kate, and left her business to her. When Kate took over, the girls suddenly live in fear ÃŽ ¿f Kate. Kate is probably the most interesting, and gripping character in East ÃŽ ¿f Eden, due to her sedectiveness, and her evil personality. In Steinbecks first description ÃŽ ¿f Kathy he depicts her as a victim ÃŽ ¿f genetics. It was just a mere coincidence that such an evil human arose from her two good parents. The reader can sympathize that she is a victim ÃŽ ¿f nature, a common trait ÃŽ ¿f realism. Her actions are merely a result ÃŽ ¿f here natural instincts to be bad. Her character is the most complex in the novel. Her most interesting aspect is her reaction to alcohol, another interesting trait that draws the reader in. Her actions shock the reader, her boldness and independence was a reflection ÃŽ ¿f the womens movement that is still a major appeal to the women ÃŽ ¿f today. The introduction ÃŽ ¿f Kathy in chapter 8 was a turning point in the novel, since her